Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue Essay

There are many issues associated with the transition from graduate registered nurse into practicing registered nurse. Recent studies have found the phase to be a stressful period for many graduates the main challenges were fitting into social groups, delegation, hostility and patient-centred care (Rush et al, 2013); (Feng & Tsai 2012). However, research has shown that with appropriate education, guidance and support the transition can create better staff and patient satisfaction, resulting in lower turnover rates (Orsini, 2005). This research highlights the need to develop appropriate pathways and evidence-based management for new graduate nurses. This essay will endeavour to outline the evidence-based practice for the management of patient-centred care and hostility in the workforce, in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. It will be centralised around class discussion forums and how they impacted personally (Appendix 2A, 2B, 2C) in order to applicably manag e future situations. Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue which was discussed at great length during one of the forums (Appendix 2A). It seemed most students had their own opinion already formed about patient-centred care and in turn their own experiences. It was a topic which I felt needed further understanding due to a lack of consistency with student viewpoints and due to it being an ill managed issue within healthcare services. A recent study examining the barriers to overcome patient-centred care found that 64% of nurses were aware of deficits in standards of care, but felt they did not have enough time to perform vital nursing tasks such as addressing patient’s concerns and providing relevant information to both the patient and their family (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Furthermore, nurses reported that a lack of staff, space and equipment were also to blame (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Kvale & Bondevik, (2008) state that patient-centred care is a term which is globally used yet it is difficult to define, resulting in challenges in implementing appropriate interventions. This may be a result of patients differing satisfactions and expectations such as personal beliefs, ideas and opinions which are individual (Okougha, 2013). Research suggests that graduate registered nurses require guidance and education in order to gain confidence and empowerment (Glynn & Silva, 2013). A recent study found that when education was provided to nurses in relation to current patient-centred care and how to improve it, 90% of nurses positively changed their behaviour to increase patient satisfaction (Okougha, 2013). As a graduate registered nurse I need to have a profound and comprehensive understanding about patient-centred care and how to implement it in order to provide safe and effective management to all my patients. According to Cronin, (2004) patient-centred care is recognising each patient as an individual; building therapeutic relationships including with family and friends; and involving a multidisciplinary team. This in turn provides differing perspectives on the issue. The World Health Organisation uses the word ‘responsiveness’ in regards to patient centred care and states â€Å"recognising responsiveness is an intrinsic goal of the health care system and reinforces that the health care systems are there to serve the people† (World Health Organisation, 2000). A recent qualitative study examined patient’s perspectives in relation to patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). It found that although patients were different and required diverse needs, they also shared many similarities such as requiring empathy, listening, communication and non-judgemental patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). There was also concern if current education can develop a nurs e’s preparedness in delivering quality care (Griffiths et al, 2012). One of the participants stated â€Å"you might be the best clinician in the world but if you can’t communicate and you can’t listen properly to people and you don’t take on board and understand what they’re saying you may as well go dig the street† (Griffiths et al, 2012). Furthermore another participant stated â€Å"†¦each individual should be [evaluated] and their needs be assessed and implemented on that particular individual†¦I just feel it’s a conveyor belt system. Get them in and get them out sort of thing† (Griffiths et al, 2012). In another qualitative review which explored nurse’s perspectives on patient-centred care, suggested time management was the largest barrier preventing them from communicating effectively with their patients (Chan et al, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"sometimes, I have to deal with 20 patients in one single shift†¦ if one needs 10 minutes and there are 20 patients in total, how much time would we have to spend on this? Don’t we need to do other tasks?† (Chan et al, 2012). According to the Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, (2011) effective patient-centred care is employed through training health professionals to communicate simple information suc h as pharmaceutical knowledge and provide educational material which increases a patient’s self-assurance and understanding. Additionally, initiating patient surveys is an effective tool in order to determine the most appropriate interventions (Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, 2011). Current research has found that better patient satisfaction and patient-centred care, results in a decreased length of stay; reduces readmission; decreases rates of hospital acquired infections; and improves preventative services (Boulding et al, 2011); (Flach et al, 2004). It is therefore imperative that all graduate nurses have an understanding about patient-centred care and successfully implement appropriate interventions. Patient-centred care has encouraged me to re-think how I view and treat my patients. Current literature has highlighted the importance that patient-centred care plays in delivering quality and safe care as a graduate registered nurse. In respect to Appendix 1, the toolkit and strategies developed from the discussion forums have provided me with a clearer understanding in how to manage effective patient-centred care. The strategies developed are simple and easy to follow and include recognising each patient as an individual; and focus on communication to build a therapeutic relationship. I now understand the importance of having a structured support network within the workplace in order to maintain regular support and direction. In future practice as a graduate registered nurse I will endeavour to find an appropriate mentor which will provide insightful knowledge and realistic expectations. As stated in Appendix 2A I now recognise it is necessary to have an understanding about patient centred care in order to successfully manage a patient’s individual needs. Without knowledge within this area a nurse is unable to properly care for their patients. Hostility in the workforce was another topic which swayed my attention during the discussion forums (Appendix 2B). It was an issue which I had not considered to be a problem once becoming a registered nurse and working within a professional group. However, as the class discussed their own personal experiences in regards to being a student and coming across hostility, I too remembered that nurses are often intimidating and unapproachable during clinical placements. This issue is important as research has suggested graduate registered nur ses demonstrate vulnerability which can easily lead to bulling or hostility in the workforce (Hickson, 2013). Hostility in the workforce has been viewed as a rite of passage, suggesting new graduates need to experience the language, culture and rules of the workforce (Hickson, 2013). In a study conducted by McKenna et al, (2003) it found many new graduates experienced some form of hostility but due to fear they did not report the occurrence. The study also highlighted that new graduates felt resentment in the form of interpersonal conflicts; blocked learning; emotional neglect; feeling undervalued; lack of supervision; threat of rumours or lies being spread in response to speaking out (McKenna et al, 2003). In another recent study it found that 46% of the nurses identified hostility in the workforce as serious or somewhat serious (Stanley et al, 2007). It also discovered that 65% of the nurses had observed hostile behaviours by fellow co-workers (Stanley et al, 2007). Furthermore, Simon, (2008) revealed that 48% of nurses that were less than five years in a unit were the most frequently bullied. Additionally, 31% of new graduates reported they were bullied significantly generating intent to leave (Simon, 2008). In respect to Appendix 2B, this issue is vitally imp ortant to me as I have seen first-hand how hostility in the nursing environment can occur. I can appreciate that as new graduates we need guidance and support during such a vulnerable transition. I furthermore recognise how hostility and bullying can impact on a nurse’s performance, job satisfaction and patient safety. It is therefore imperative that I have an understanding about appropriate strategies for resolving these issues. According to the American Nurses Association, (2012) any form of abuse against nurses is a violation of inherent worth, dignity and human rights. Also that abusive behaviour by a nurse is viewed as violence against the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association, 2012). Growe, (2013) suggests hostility can also be described as bullying, lateral violence, horizontal violence and disruptive behaviour. Additionally, it is behaviour that is persistent and ongoing; unwanted comments or actions affecting a person’s dignity, and overt and covert actions which threaten the performance of a health care worker (Growe, 2013). A study conducted by Kelly and Ahern, (2009) reviewed the perspectives of new graduates in Australia. They discovered there were three key themes which prevented a successful socialisation process (Kelly & Aher n, 2009). They included language barriers, which required the nurses learn the culture of the language; ‘eating their young’ or power games and unpreparedness (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). One graduate nurse stated â€Å"I think that a lot of RN’s out there are on a power trip and think that the best way to teach students is by humiliating them and putting them down as much as possible and saying, surely you know that† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). Another graduate stated â€Å"The sharpness of some of the staff, the way some of them speak to you has become an increasing burden† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). In another recent qualitative study, it reviewed registered nurses’ perspectives in regards to graduate nurses (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It found two themes which involved lacking confidence and fitting in with the units culture (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"†¦not knowing what to do and having to request assistance is perceived as a weakness tha t contrasts the need to feel independent†¦keeps the advanced beginner from asking questions, creating a catch 22 situation†¦other nurses view new graduates as weak and burdensome† (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). Another participant stated â€Å"some nurses turn their backs when new graduates ask a question†¦sometimes new graduates don’t make it just because of other personalities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It is clear from the evidence that hostility in the workforce is a widespread issue. Furthermore, it can be seen that graduate registered nurses are the ones most at risk and burdened with this problem. It is therefore necessary that all nurses have an appropriate understanding about how to deal with these situations effectively in order to create job satisfaction. According to Vessey et al, (2012), workplace hostility can be decreased by involving the whole nursing team, providing information on what is good and bad practice, and making the staff more aware of the issue. Hostility in the workforce has made me apprehensive about starting out as a new graduate in the health care setting. However, from current literature I feel more confident in recognising signs of hostility or bullying, and feel capable in addressing the problem with either my mentor, or if applicable, senior staff. From the toolkit in Appendix 1, the strategies were developed for graduate nurses like myself. They suggested simple strategies which may help prevent other nurses from becoming annoyed and frustrated with new graduates. The strategies include using a communication tool such as ‘SBAR’ in order to appropriately address what needs to be done; not to take conflicts personally; know your own scope of practice in order to maintain safe and competent work; skill up to gain additional knowledge and experience; and know your professional boundaries. From the current literature and toolkit strategies I now have a deeper understanding about the impacts of workplace bullying and how it affects graduate nurse’s performance and job satisfaction. By having a clearer understanding a bout the issue I feel confident in being able to apply these strategies when challenged with a similar circumstance. This essay has reviewed the evidence-based practice for the management of patient centred care and hostility in the workforce. It was conducted in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. By examining current literature and differing perspectives on these issues, a clearer understanding about their impacts and managements strategies have been developed. It is important that all nurses have an adequate understanding about patient centred care and hostility in the workforce given their impacts on quality patient management and safety. The toolkit in Appendix 1 has provided insightful strategies in order to help graduates deal with these situations once within the workforce. In regards to Appendix 2A and 2B, these topics have provided me with a deeper understanding about expectations as a graduate registered nurse. Additionally, they have allowed me to gain insight and preparedness in relation to entering the workforce. It is evident that having a clear understanding about both issues is vital in order to be successful within nursing in future industries. References American Nurses Association. (2012). Combating Disruptive Behaviours: Strategies to promote a healthy work environment. Retrieved 22/5/2013 from: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol152010/No1Jan2010/Combating-Disruptive-Behaviors.html Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care. (2011). Patient centred care: improving quality and safety through partnerships with patients and concurmers. ACSOQHC, Sydney. Retrieved 24/5/2013 from: http://www.healthissuescentre.org.au/documents/items/2012/02/405982-upload-00001.pdf Baumberger-Henry, M. (2012). Registered nurses’ perspectives on the new graduate working in the emgerncy department or critical care unit. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 43(7), 299-305.doi:10.3928/00220124-20111115-02 Boulding, W., Glickman, S., Manary, M., Shulman, K., Staelin, R. (2011). Relationship between patient satisfaction with in patient care and hospital readmission with in 30 days. American Journal of Managed Care, 17(1), 41-48 Chan, E., Jones, A., Fung, S., & Wu, S. (2012). Nurses perception of time availability in patient communication in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(7), 1168-1177. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03841.x Cronin, C. (2004). Patient Centred Care-An overview of Definitions and Concepts. Washington DC: National Health council Feng, R., & Tsai, Y. (2012). Socialisation of new graduate nurses to practising nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13), 2064-2074. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03992.x Flach, S., McCoy, K., Vaughn, T., Ward, M., Boots-Miler, B., Doebeling, B. (2004). Does Patient centred care improve provision of preventative services? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(10), 1019-1026 Glynn, P., & Silva, S. (2013). Meeting the needs of New Graduates in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study evaluating a new graduate internship program. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(2), 173-178. Doi:10.1016/j.jen. 2011.10.007 Griffiths, J., Speed, S., Horne, M., & Keeley, P. (2012). A caring professioinal attitude: What service users and carer seek in graduate nurses and the challenge for educators. Nurse Education Today, 32(2), 121-127. Doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.005 Growe, S. (2013). Bullying/Lateral Violence/ Horizontal Violence/ Distruptive Behavior in the workplace. Nevada Rnformation, 22(1), 6 Henderson S. Power imbalance between nurses and patients: a potential inhibitor of partnership in care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003,12(4), 501–8. Hickson, J. (2013). New Nurses’ perceptions of hositilty and job satisfaction: magnet versus non-magnet. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(5), doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e31828eebc9 Kelly, J. & Ahern, K. (2009). Preparing nurses for practice: A phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(6), 910-918. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02308.x Kvale, K., & Bondevik, M. (2008). What is important for patient centred care? A qualitative study about the perceptions of patients with cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(4), 582-589. Doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00579.x McKenna, B., Smith, N., Poole, S., Coverdale, J. (2003). Horizontal violence:experiences of registered nurses in their first year of practic e. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(1), 90-96 Okougha, M. (2013). Promoting patient centred care through staff development. Nursing Standard, 27(34), 42-46 Orsini, C. (2005). A nurse transition program for orthopaedics: creating a new culture for nurturing graduate nurses. Orthopaedic Nursing/ National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses, 24(4), 240-246 Rush, K., Adamack, M., Gordon, J., Lilly, M., & Janke, R. (2013). Best practices of formal new graduate nurse transition programs: an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(3), 345-356. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.06.009 Simon, S. (2008). Workplace Bullying experienced by Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organisation. Advance Nursing Science. 31(2), 48-59 Stanley, K., Martin, M., Michel, Y., Welton, J., Nemeth, L. (2007). Examing lateral violence in the nursing workfoce. Issues Mental Health Nursing. 28(11), 1247-1265 Vessey, J., Demarco, R., Gaffney, D., & Budin, W. (2009). Bullying of staff registered nurses in the workplace: a preliminary study for developing personal and organisation strategies for the transformation of hostile to a healthy eorkplace environments. Journal of Professional Nursing:Offical Journal Of The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing, 25(5), 299-306. Doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.022 West, E., Barron, D., & Reeves, R. (2005). Overcoming the barriers to patient-centred care: time, tools and training. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(4), 435-443. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01091.x World Health Organisation. (2000). The World Health Report 2000- Health System: Improving Performance. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 1-215 Appendix 1 Discussion Forum 1 – Learning and Teaching being a teacher and a learner in a health care environment 1. List strategies that can reassure a graduate registered nurse that a patient’s learning needs are met | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Build rapport.| This reduces fear and anxiety, allowing patients to ask more questions and be involved in their own treatment.| 2.| Get them to repeat what you say in their own words.| This reassures they have understood what you have explained.| 3.| Write important information down and/or provide educational material.| This allows patients to reflect on information in their own time.| 4.| Ask the patient what the need clarifying.| Some patient may withdraw from asking simple questions as nurses appear too busy. | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurse can be a lifelong learner in a health care setting | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Communicate clearly| To improve interprofessional communication; increases trust and respect. | 2.| Recognise each patient as an individual with their own needs| To develop quality patient centered care.| 3.| Focus on patient centered communication to build therapeutic relationships| This help improve effective patient centered care and provides and safe and quality nursing.| 4.| Create a career vision| Provides a pathway in which goals can then be developed and attained.| 5.| Develop a professional portfolio| Provides a reference point to store and sort important information and documents.| Discussion Forum 2 Workforce issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurses are effective team members | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Participate in further education| Shows enthusiasm and provides further knowledge.| 2.| Seek critical feedback from senior staff| Outlines how one is perceived and thus they will have a deeper understanding about themselves.| 3.| Always use professional and polite language. | Encourages rapport and friendliness within the staff| 4.| | | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to reduce their theory practice gap. Give a GRN specific rationale to support each strategy | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Establish a bond with a mentor or preceptor.| As a GRN this will provide support and guidance in order to applicable use theory in practice.| 2.| Develop effective communication skills.| This establishes rapport with patients and other colleagues. | 3.| Write reflections.| Allows GRN to identify their strengths and weakness | 4.| Skill up where possible| This provide GRN with further knowledge and understand in a particular field| 5.| | | Discussion Forum 3 Workplace issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to work effectively in a hostile and aggressive environment | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Assertive communication| By using communication tools and assertive language, GRN can effectively explain what it is they need in a professional manner. | 2.| Scope of practice| It’s important to know one’s own scope of practice in order to provide safe and quality nursing care.| 3.| Professional Boundaries| Important in order to not cross any professional boundaries, impacting on employment status.| 4.| Know where to report in your health facility| Many healthcare setting have their own way of reporting workplace violence, so it’s important to know how to manage the situation. | 5.| Mediate – â€Å"in house†| this is generally the first step, talking to the NUM, in order to try to resolve the issue before it get too out of control| 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to delegate tasks effectively | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Delegate to the right person| Important to know their competencies and qualifications, this can be achieved simply by asking.| 2.| Make sure timing is right| Be sure not to delegate to a person who appears very busy as this can cause conflicts and also poor management.| 3.| Use appropriate positive words| Provide the reason why you need the help and why you cannot complete it, in order for the other person to fully understand. | 4.| Never redo delegated tasks| As this will diminish authority and allow other nurses to ‘walk over’ you. | 5.| | | Discussion Forum 4 Ethical and Legal Issues and Challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to transition effectively to their new roles and responsibilities | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Find a mentor.| Provides necessary leadership, support and guidance.| 2.| Develop good organisational skills.| This increase time management and maintains patient safety.| 3.| Never be afraid to ask questions| This increases knowledge and understanding and thus decreases adverse events.| 4.| Understand yourself and limitations.| Helps to identify what learning pathways may need to be further established.| 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to advocate for best practice policies to be followed | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Know when to partake in mandatory reporting| Important in order to provide safe nursing practice.| 2.| Know who to talk to if a problem arises in the workforce| Provides a support network. | 3.| Seek advice from regulatory councils| Provides further knowledge and guidance into a situation in regards to the law. | 4.| Collaborate as an interdisciplinary team| This provides safe and effective care to all patients. | 5.| | | Appendix 2A Reflection: Patient-Centred Care During the discussion forums in my tutorial class, patient-centred care was one of the topics which grasped my attention. The forum provided an insight into what is involved in patient-centred and examined some effective strategies. I found this topic interesting as the class shared their experiences and viewpoints on the issue. One participant shared that when recently working in aged care as an assistant nurse, patient care was often carried out in regards to time restraints and thus resulting in patients being rushed through their daily cares and/or being woken up very early to accommodate nursing staff. I found this very worrying as I don’t believe that the described experience is appropriate patient-centred care and therefore these aged care patients are not being effectively cared for. However, it also made me wonder where else in the clinical setting is patient-centred care being ill-managed? The discussion forum outlined that patient centred care is providing adequate cares, gathering appropriate information, respecting values, educating the patient, involving their family and friends and providing emotional support. Also, without knowledge within this area, a nurse is unable to successfully care and manage their patients. It is important to have an understanding about patient centred care in nursing as effectively that’s what nurses should be advocating. Patient centred-care is individual and requires building a therapeutic relationship to allow the patient be actively involved. Additionally, patient-centred care is vital role in providing safe and appropriate treatment to all patients. This forum topic has provided me with a deeper understanding about the importance patient centred care in order to be a

Causes for the Central Powers Losing the First World War

After the First World War had ceased on the 11th of November 1918, there were a lot of negotiations on the issue of how to sustain peace, and how to treat the Central Powers, which consisted namely of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. France wanted urgent reparation for the damages Germany had caused, and did not consider giving her a â€Å"mild punishment†, such as the one Britain had suggested. There are several important reasons as to why the Central Powers lost World War One.During this analysis I will be looking at the most vital ones, and giving a brief idea of how and why these shaping events took place. There was one particular event involving especially Germany at an early stage of the war: the von Schlieffen plan. In 1914, Germany tried to pursue the so-called â€Å"von Schlieffen plan†, in which the goal was to surround the French armies. They planned to do so by flying through Belgium to the coasts of France, to then capture the Channel ports an d use the way of the rivers to surround France, their support and their navy.This was easier said than done; the Belgian resistance was strong, making Germany unable to capture the Channel ports and thus unable to get somewhat control of France. The fact that the von Schlieffen plan failed had a great impact on the Central Powers’ motivation throughout the war, as well the fact that it did not manage to show their authority from early on. Several smaller reasons to why the Central Powers lost also need to be taken into consideration. Britain tried to block German ports and trade routes, making it difficult for them to acquire weapons, ammunition, transport and food from other countries.Considering that the Germans were already exhausted by the war, because of the fact that they did not expect a long-term war. To add to that, there was not a lot the other Central Powers could do to help Germany, meaning that they all-in-all did not get many new supplies of tools for warfare. I n conclusion, there were many minimal causes for the results of the First World War, such as British blockade of German ports and trade routes, German exhaustion and the fact that they did not get much help from the other Central Powers. US entered the war in April 1917.This was a vital reason for the Allies’ victory. Seeing as it was at the very end of World War One, and Germany was already exhausted, it did a great deal to their morale when a whole new continent joined the war. The US contributed by providing Britain and France with food, merchant ships and credit. By mid-1918 over half a million American soldiers were involved in the war. As well as the physical help, the USA gave a vast blow to German morale. Thus, the US joining the war was one of the leading steps to the Allies winning.As my short analysis has shown, there were many different reasons for the Central Powers losing the First World War, in which there were small reasons as well as big ones. The causes I ha ve mentioned are the failure of the Schlieffen plan, small reasons such as British blockade, German exhaustion and not getting any help from the other Central Powers and lastly, the US joining the war towards the end. These are only some of the reasons, however they show how German morale to some extent affected the

Poetry and science enjoy equal success in expanding human knowledge Essay

Before answering whether both poetry and science enjoy equal success in expanding human knowledge, one must first understand what poetry and science are and what they do. Poetry is an artist’s way of abstractly conveying his or her ideas through writing so as to stimulate the emotional side of the readers. Science on the other hand, is an objective way of clearly stating facts so as to stimulate the â€Å"formal† or fact craving side of the readers. Poetry presents an object in order to convey a particular message or feeling, whilst science merely presents an object objectively and describes how it is, clearly, in every way possible. Therefore, it is clear that the purpose of these two approaches is quite different. Furthermore, the ways of knowing in poetry and science are somewhat different. Poetry’s ways of knowing are mainly emotion and language, while sciences are mainly language and reason. However, although they have language in common, both of them utiliz e language in different ways and for different purposes. As is obvious from above, both approaches aim to expand two completely different parts of human knowledge. Poetry aims to expand the aesthetic while science the scientific. Therefore, they cannot be assessed on their ability to expand human knowledge based on the same criteria but rather, they should both be assessed based on individual criteria in their own specific areas of knowledge and then compared after being assessed. Assessing them based on the same criteria would much be like comparing a desert with a main course, which would be wrong since they both have different purposes and, although the dessert may not be good at achieving the purpose of the main dish, it could well be excellent at achieving the purposes of a dessert. Since poetry tries to â€Å"touch† the reader’s emotional side aesthetically it must be scrutinized as an art. The purpose of art is to aesthetically touch an emotion which all people supposedly have. Through techniques specific to each art, good artists are able to do this, and this in itself is an expansion of human knowledge in that it causes people to be aware of their emotions. Humans â€Å"have to turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to console us, to sustain us.† (Matthew Arnold, ‘The Study of Poetry’) The purpose of Shakespeare’s Macbeth is not to scientifically understand how ambition can conquer one, nor is it meant to be a historical recount of the real Macbeth. It is a poetic story which is written so as people can empathize with the main characters and view their own life in terms of conquering their faults and sustaining their good. Another purpose of poetry is to represent human nature. This can clearly be seen through any of Robert’s Frost’s poems such as Out, Out which explains, better than any scientific paper ever could, the ability of a child to care so much about his desire to work and help society, and the lack of care his family experiences when he dies. Poetry presents human characteristics, the human thought, the human inner self, all compact into one verse and it is so powerful because when read, one immediately connects with it, and it touches each person’s emotions in a way. Also, it so vividly depicts the nature of humans that it is a powerful tool through which people can express themselves, and in which people can relate to. It expands our knowledge of human nature and the way humans behave and the power of emotions and their effect on us. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth when Lady Macbeth asks the evil spirits to â€Å"unsex me [Lady Macbeth] here† one feels the evil powers of ambition and its ability to overtake ones sane and rational thought. On the other hand science’s purpose is to clearly depict a situation or object. Science, in no way, should aim to â€Å"touch† the reader’s emotional side, but rather touch the reader’s rationality. Although some may argue that science does touch a reader’s side, it is not the main purpose of the writing, and is rather an effect of extreme love towards and passion for the subject. A scientific argument should not be ambiguous or differ from reader to reader, unlike poetry. There is no way for a scientific argument to be true to some people and false to others, for in science there is an absolute truth which the scientists are trying to attain. Although many may argue that poets are also aiming to achieve this absolute truth, it must be noted that each person’s emotions are different and therefore there is no way to absolutely describe the way people think, react or behave. Biology, chemistry and physics have set laws and truths which, regardl ess of who or where you are, will be true. If the purpose of poetry is, as we said, to depict human nature, then the purpose of science is to understand nature itself and how it works. When writing a piece the author must create a balance between ambiguity and precision and the language of a piece is directly dependant on the purpose of the piece. Poetry and science are completely opposite in the way that they try to balance ambiguity and precision. In poetry the ability to ambiguously use words is good since it allows one to think abstractly and allows different readers, with different mindsets, to interpret the piece in different ways. Therefore, in the case of poetry language, as a way of knowing, is created to be ambiguous so as to contribute to the knowledge and effect of the piece. On the other hand, in science ambiguity greatly impedes a work. It is not acceptable for a law or theory in science to be indirect and not addressing one specific point clearly.. Otherwise the law becomes obsolete, since if it is not understandable it has no purpose. There is no space in science for different interpretations of a law; the law has one purpose that it achieves and that purpose is set. It is not different for different people, or different nations, or different cultures. In the sense of multiple meanings, contrary to poetry’s double entendres, scienctific writing cannot have any; the one meaning the author desires to portray must be directly stated so as to disallow ambiguity and interpretation. For example, water being comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom is true independent if one is in the United States, Russia, or Australia. Also, it is true independent of ones age, race, background, nationality, religion, or any other factor which may change from person to person. However, poetry is quite the opposite. Poetry should be, and is, interpreted differently by different people. The meaning or â€Å"truth† behind poetry is fully dependant on all the factors listed above. An old person may have a completely different understanding of words in poems such as George Herbert’s The Pulley the double meaning of the word â€Å"rest† which can either mean the remainder or it can mean peace. The great difference between these two interpretations leaves the reader with the final choice to interpret the poem the way he/she wants and this is the intent of the poet. However, in science it is the intent of the scientist to clearly illustrate his/her point without any ambiguity as in science clarity is essential. In conclusion, it can be seen that poetry and science have completely different purposes and different means of attaining these purposes. Furthermore, each of these specific areas of knowledge means to expand different types of knowledge and pertain to different ways of knowing. However, one must realize that it is essential to have a balance between the â€Å"scientific† or factual knowledge, and the â€Å"poetic†/†aesthetic† knowledge or the emotional understanding of human nature. Therefore, in these terms science successfully expands its portion of human knowledge successfully expands its. Therefore, it can be concluded that each area of knowledge has equal success in expanding knowledge in its respective â€Å"area†. â€Å"In science one tries to tell people, in such a way as to be understood by everyone, something that no one ever knew before. But in poetry it’s the exact opposite.†(P A M Dirac) Do both the approaches suggested in the quotation enjoy equal success in expanding human knowledge?

Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Wal-Mart - Essay Example Porter’s generic strategy provides a clear linkage between strategic management and strategic finance. Wal-Mart’s decisions had a clear linkage between strategic management and strategic finance. Even when entering a foreign country, a firm needs to assess which markets to enter, the timing and the scale of entry (Hill, p488).Whether the strategy is to maintain cost leadership or product differentiation, the ultimate strategy is to gain competitive advantage and enhance profitability. Wal-Mart focused on cost leadership and their low-cost model served them well within the US but the same strategy did not help them in their international operations. In the US they had achieved organic growth but when they decided to expand their ventures overseas, they did not look beyond the low-cost model. According to Mintzberg (1987), a strategy must essentially have two characteristics – it is made in advance of the action undertaken and it must be devised purposefully and co nsciously. Wal-Mart did not follow this principle of strategic management.Wal-Mart did none of these and merely tried to replicate the business model that had brought them success in the US. Another important factor when entering another country is the choice of entry mode which must be based on long-term growth and profit potential. There are four different modes of entries - exporting, contracts (licensing) joint ventures (JV) or wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS) and the choice depends upon the level of control required.

East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

East Asia - Essay Example One of the underlying reasons for why this particular text, known as â€Å"Art of War† has survived so many centuries is due to the fact that it seeks to apply tactics and strategies that specifically undermine and highlight weaknesses of one’s adversary. Within such a context, military strategists, cyber warriors, consultants, and even individuals utilize this text as a means of defining the problem in seeking to attack in a situation from the most effective angle possible. Essentially, Sun Tzu denoted that superiority in numbers, wealth, and many other aspects of superiority were not in and of themselves sufficient to guarantee that victory can be obtained. Whereas it is true that Sun Tzu specifically applied his knowledge and writings to the act of warfare, these very same writings are applicable to the way in which an individual orders their life and seeks to accomplish key goals. Whereas prior methods of war and engagement, at least those used within Europe, has the military fate of entire nations or empires arrest upon pitched battles between two opposing sides in a given field of conflict, Sun Tzu promoted the understanding that such a form of conflict was essentially wasteful and did not guarantee a positive outcome for an individual that may have a superiority or inferiority of forces, money, or more owl. Instead, Sun Tzu promoted the understanding that alternative approaches towards weakening the enemies row, attacking the when least expected, utilizing guerrilla tactics and a litany of other nonlinear approaches were the most effective means by which victory can ultimately be achieved. In many ways, the old English expression that there is more than one way to skin a cat or any other statement that denotes alternative mechanisms of achieving a goal was the main focus upon Sun Tzu’s â€Å"Art of War†; illustrating the fact that approaching a situation directly

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical Essay - 1

The fundamental points at issue between the Keynesian and classical traditions in UK - Essay Example The Great Depression did last approximately for a decade. It was the period between early 1931 and March 1933 when the depression became great and spread to other nations. The period of Great Depression is mainly recalled for significant unemployment, massive poverty and political turbulence that it caused. For the period of 1931-1940, the rate of unemployment was hovering around 18 percent. During the period of Great Depression net investment was negative and there was a massive fall in consumer price index as well. Between 1929 and 1933, the consumer price index dropped by 25 percent approximately. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) Classical economists did not provide any elaborate explanations for such a huge economic downturn in developed nations like UK, USA and others. However, Keynes has recognized unchecked market movement as the prime reason behind such a great economic downfall. Classical economists mainly focused on the supply side of the economy to search for reason for this depression. However, Keynes held the aggregate demand side of the economy with great importance and recommended counter cyclical fiscal measures to improve aggregate demand. During 1933-1937, some recovery took place in the economy. Real GNP experienced a rapid growth at a rate of almost 9 percent annually. This rapid growth in GNP, however, fell to make a significant fall in the rate of unemployment. In 1938, another economic recession struck the economy and pushed unemployment rate up to 20 percent once again. The Great Depression caused a number of nations to change their political structure as many economists including Keynes considered this severe recession a result of unchecked capitalism. (Dornbusch and Fischer, 1994) There are two major schools of thought in the field of macroeconomics- Keynesian and Classical. Like other developed nations, UK used to follow Classical policy tools to deal with its

The Political Characteristic of the Declining Economy Assignment

The Political Characteristic of the Declining Economy - Assignment Example The paragraph provides an insight into the financial crisis, aiding us to establish the link between the European Union leaders and the currency factor. The intermittency factor that crossly explored the market trends from April 2012 onwards was based on the actual GDP within the Euro as explored by eurostat, which is the agency providing relevant statistics about the fluctuations of the euro. The immediate analysis provides the financial stress, explained by the fell in the overall GDP by up to 0.2% (April statistics). This inconclusively provided further weakening of the currency and the previous quarters had recorded a 0% growth rate. The intermediate concept aiding growth according to the article (par 3) is by cutting expenditures. Financial policies were hence initiated in order to help created a stronger economic variance and this also included providing support through bailout and related financial models. The statistical analysis also points out the monetary balances and asse t adequacies within the zone. This continually reflected changing exchange rate scenarios as per the critical understanding of the regulatory factor. While reforms within the various financial sectors have included examining the changing trends within the policies in the eurozone, (Germany for example demonstrated weak currency at the close of the 1st quarter), full compliance in terms of political policies by individual countries appeared real (Par 4). Source: Eurozone The economy of the Euro zone contracted but with technical avoidance of recession. The eurostat data showed the its GDP remained at bar during the 1st quarter of 2012. However the contraction was at 0.3% during the first quarters of 2011. However, the weakeness of the euro led to shrinking and to a fall by 05% in 2012. According to Willman (2007), the statistical analysis of vast financial ratings reflect a continuously varying seller-buyer trading preferences that are naturally controlled by the nature of the exchan ge rates. However, the exchange rates explored in part 5 of the essay show those projections relative to quantitative easing practices. Literally, the dynamics explores that the currency itself would dynamically change from one level to another, inflicting a lot of price hike within the zone. Ultimately, the scenario would hence explore vital market exchanges, and fully controlling the spending within countries. The foreign exchange market was low (par 5) partly due to financial crisis and also due to general slow growth. The purchasing characteristic identified in par 5 slowed tremendously and this also indicated that the various occurrences such as the depreciation of the currency would hence be critically considered. Source: Eurozone The industrial production in the Eurozone contracted to about 0.6% by June. This shows a slum but though the indexed analysis provides a universal relevance of the shrinking, it also provides a reflection of the major drag factors. Par 6 provides a d iscussion on basic foreign exchange within the zone and the potentialities of foreign exchanges. Further research also identifies notable inclusion of market structures, and the changing restrictions on competition and on other capital requirements. The core framework also explored the relevance of politics as outlined by

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example 2006). The fact about reason and emotion being the same, there have been various questions involving the nature of the two concepts, one pertinent being "are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions" Only a meticulously analyzed study and discussion of the question may find an exact answer to this. Therefore, the most focal thrust of this discussion has been the question in the backdrop of the issues of abortion and ethnic cleansing. Abortion which is "the removal of a fetus from the body of its host (a pregnant woman) which typically results in the death of the fetus" (What is abortion 2004) and ethnic cleansing, "the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups," (Ethnic Cleansing. 2008) are the most obvious present issues which magnetize our rational and emotional deliberation of the issues in arriving at moral decisions. Consequently, in this discussion, we try to find out the magnitude of both the philosophical concepts in our moral decisions. "Everything human is part emotion and part reason All domains of knowledge lie somewhere between these two end points; with music being the end of the line at emotion and mathematics being at the end of the line at reason" (Human Essence is Pattern! 2006). A comprehensive analysis of the issues of abortion and ethnic cleansing clarifies why emotion gives you musical effect and reason mathematical. On the one hand, these issues are to be looked at and comprehended on the basis of emotion so as to side with the suffering, the affected, and the neglected. It is necessary to see things in this direction so that the moral considerations are given due attention. When we discuss the consequences of abortion and ethnic cleansing, we need to identify the moral factors that make the people miserable and victimized. In this sense, emotion has a wider relevance and scope in moral issues concerning humanity. As the Bhagavad Gita establishes, it "has the advantage of being open to all, the weak and the lowly, the illiterate and the scholar. It is seen to be as efficacious as any other method and is sometimes said to be stronger than the others, since it is its own fruition, while other methods are means to some other ends" (Diploma Program, Theory of knowledge Guide. 2008). However, on the other hand, moral decisions cannot always be arrived at by considering emotion alone as it would be a thoughtful activity. The basic characteristic of human beings, as may be by far identified, is that they are rational beings and therefore we need to use our reason as well as emotion in taking moral conclusions. "David Hume wrote that reason is a "slave to the emotions." But new research suggests that in our moral decision-making, reason and emotion duke it out within the mind" (Shea 2006). For a better understanding of the concepts, let us consider the issues of abortion and ethnic clearance and analyze the role of emotion and reason in arriving at the right moral conclusions. First we will examine the role of emotion and reason in making a moral decision on the significant and often discussed issue of abortion. Abortion is a topic of common discussions and most

Nurse-Led Implementation of an Insulin-Infusion Protocal in a Gender Research Paper

Nurse-Led Implementation of an Insulin-Infusion Protocal in a Gender - Research Paper Example The problem is an important one, as it will avoid the negative effects of hypoglycemia, which is a life threatening problem among ICU patients. Further, the problem has been the center of a contentious issue in ICU care. The problem is clearly depicted and the background information offered, including the case of concerns among doctors and nurses over increased workload due to SGC, and the deaths caused by hypoglycemia. The justification of the study is offered, as evaluating the existing degree of glycaemic control, which will lead to the implementation of an effective nurse-led SGC model. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the existing degree of glycaemic control, leading to the designing of an effective SGC approach, with regard to intensive insulin therapy. The main research question is: Can nurse-led implementation of an insulin-infusion protocol reduce the incidences of hypoglycemia and the workload resulting from a strict SGC model? The hypothesis of the study may be expr essed this way: An informed nurse-led implementation of insulin administration is more effective and safe in reducing adverse conditions like hypoglycemia among ICU patients. ... Finney is also cited, who discussed the adverse effects resulting from hyperglycemia at general intensive care, which pushed doctors to prescribe insulin levels of 4 – 8 for ICU patients through standard infusion. The author included the opposing study of Pittas et al, which showed that ICU patients subjected to insulin therapy were thrice, as likely to develop hypoglycemia as opposed to a control group. Another deviating study is that of Krinsley et al, which showed that hypoglycemia was independently related to mortality in an adult ICU. The literature review is thorough and organized, as it starts with supporting the background of study, to discussing the effects on not implementing the insulin protocol strategy: for instance the study by Krinsley et al, which talks of the relation between hypoglycemia and mortality. A majority of the references are current, thirty of the thirty-three falling between the 5 year bracket (age of source before writing of the health article; 1 falling between 10 year bracket and 2 falling under the more than 10 years bracket. This shows that the study presented information – not more than 10 years old, thus current for usage. The theoretical framework of the study surrounds the evaluation of the existing glycaemic control level and exploring the relationships between a nurse-led implementation of safe SGC approach to insulin therapy and the incidences of hypoglycemia and the workload resulting from SGC. The variables to be measured and the relationships to be explored are clear, thus the theoretical model is clearly explained. The model is also threaded throughout the report, as the discussion

Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bonds - Essay Example On yield, even though TGT bonds have a lower yield rate that would result in higher price volatility, the difference of 1% is not significant enough to overshadow the other factors. WTM bonds therefore have higher price volatility. The duration based estimate of return is different from the actual return calculated based on expected price changes because of the following reasons. First, the duration-based approach views the entire duration of the bond from a given point in time. Given that the bonds earn interest at different rates, the durations for the bonds are also different and are less than their terms respectively. Also, when durations are considered, bond prices are affected hence resulting in different interest rates of return. Changes in prices, which are imminent in this case, are also not taken into consideration in the former case contributing to the difference. I think the interest rate for WMT bonds are going to fall over the next year. This is because of lower interest rates and longer duration that would result into lesser demand for the bonds hence a reduction in prices. However, I expect the TGT bond prices to rise because of higher interest rates and shorter durations. I would therefore recommend the WMT bonds since over the next year their prices will rise and you can sell them for a greater price than you will buy them and at the same time get higher interest over the

Models of Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Models of Segregation - Essay Example That is, he observes the happenings in the human habitations and forms an idea about it, in his mind. And from the mind only, the idea flows out and transcribes into the written script. And, this paper will review one of the written scripts of Thomas C. Schelling called Model of Segregation. The main thesis of the paper as the title itself suggests is segregation, or if a simple word is used, separation. Both the words give wide range of meanings, which can be used on various occasions. But, segregation and separation will be normally used or set into motion, when a set of visible and invisible factors push an individual or a group to leave their current locations, where they were minority. That is, these factor, which pushes the individual from his/her place, is the same in most places, with little variation according to the situations. â€Å"There is segregation by sex, age, income, language, color, taste, comparative advantage and the accidents of historical location.† (Schelling 488). So, in the first page itself, the author sets the agenda of the paper by concentrating on one of the factors that is causing segregation. According to Schelling, the main issues which cause the movement of individual or groups from one set up to another, through the mode of segregation is the individual‘s personal behavior and choices. That is, each person will have a thought process which will be unique to him/her, and which might have got evolved in different settings. So, based mainly on that thought process, an individual will decide his/her racial leanings. But the problem will arise when that individual would form an opinion and, in some cases it could in a discriminatory form. Discriminatory in the sense some individuals would form an opinion and judge other individuals only on the basis of religion, status, education, race etc. This is a very undesirable thing to do and is fraught with danger. The transposition of individuals could not be stopped and the

Beowulf Essay Example for Free

Beowulf Essay When Beowulf dies, the Geats dwell upon his greatness. They see him as a hero, not just because of the things he accomplished, but because of the sacrifices he made for them. The character, Beowulf, is a classic example of someone who fights for pride and glory. He is a brave warrior who is trying to repay his father’s debts to the king of Denmark. Beowulf is a tragic hero because he is noble, has a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall, and sacrifices himself for the good of his people. The achievements that Beowulf accomplishes make the people believe in him as a tragic hero. To be noble, one has to possess power and authority, but still fulfill obligations to their people. Beowulf stands as a noble king. He earns his power, and leads and fights for his people. At the end of the story, Beowulf battles a dragon that has been troubling his people. This shows us the sacrifice he makes for the Geats to try to save them. After Beowulf is defeated and killed by the dragon, his loyal warrior, Wiglaf, speaks. Wiglaf, the only warrior standing by his side during the fight, tells the other warriors that they have betrayed Beowulf, the king â€Å"who showered you with gifts† (2866). In this quote, Wiglaf is saying that Beowulf has proven his loyalty to his warriors by giving them weapons, armor, and treasure, which in their society was expected of a king or ring-giver. After Beowulf’s death, the Geats realize his nobility, generosity, and bravery. Although Beowulf is a noble king, he, like every tragic hero, has a tragic flaw. In Beowulf’s case it is hubris. Hubris is a characteristic of someone who is over confident or prideful. Pride has a good and a bad consequence for Beowulf. One benefit of pride is that it promotes confidence in battles. For example, when Beowulf goes to fight Grendel, he says, â€Å"now I mean to be a match for Grendel, / settle the outcome in single combat† (425-426). In this quote, Beowulf is saying that he wants to keep the matchup fair between Grendel and himself, so to keep the playing field level he will fight him without any weapons. This is a great example of Beowulf being over confident in himself by saying he doesn’t need weapons to kill Grendel. When he is young, his pride helps him win battles, but at an old age, hubris can be a flaw. This is seen when Beowulf faces the dragon after he has been king for 50 years. At this old age, Beowulf is still so prideful that he wants to fight the dragon alone. This is an example of how his hubris is a detriment. Because of his hubris, Beowulf does not regard age and thinks he will be victorious just as in previous battles. He finds out this is not so when he is defeated. Beowulf makes many sacrifices in the course of the story to protect his people. The final sacrifice even leads to his death. Near the end of the story, Beowulf hears of a dragon that has been terrorizing his people. To destroy this figure, which the people fear, he goes to fight the dragon with his warriors. When he arrives to the area where the dragon lives, he turns around to his men and says, â€Å"this fight is not yours, / nor is it up to any man except me/ to measure his strength against the monster or to prove his worth† (2533-2535). In this quote, Beowulf tells his warriors he wants to fight the dragon alone. He commands them to stay back so that he may kill the dragon by himself. The main reason why he does this is because he feels responsible for his people and he believes he is the only one that should defend them. His men obey his words, and he goes into battle by himself. At the end of the fight, Wiglaf sees Beowulf die, and realizes the honorable king he was and the heroic sacrifice that he made for his people. Throughout the story and his many battles, Beowulf displays the characteristics of a tragic hero. He was noble, and made many great sacrifices for his people. Beowulf shows that performing his duty as king was more important to him than his own life. This ultimate sacrifice shows the Geats the true hero he was for them. Beowulf, not only in this book, but in all old English literature is one of the best examples of a tragic hero.

Data Mining Analysis in the Telecommunications Industry

Data Mining Analysis in the Telecommunications Industry Abstract The broadcast communications industry was one of the first to receive information mining innovation. This is in all probability since media transmission organizations routinely produce whats more, store tremendous measures of amazing information, have a vast client base, and work in a quickly changing and exceptionally focused environment. Media transmission organizations use information mining to enhance their showcasing endeavors, distinguish extortion, and better deal with their media transmission systems. These frameworks were produced to address the intricacy related with keeping up a gigantic system foundation and the need to amplify organizes unwavering quality while limiting work costs. The issue with these master frameworks is that they are costly to create on the grounds that it is both troublesome and tedious to evoke the essential space information from specialists. Information mining can be seen as methods of consequently producing some of this information straightforwar dly from the information. Keywords: Data Mining, telecommunication, fraud detection The telecommunication industry was one of the first to get data mining development. This is more likely than not since media transmission associations routinely create besides, enormous measures of astounding data, have an inconceivable customer base, and work in a rapidly changing and extraordinarily engaged environment. Media transmission associations utilize data mining to improve their displaying attempts, recognize blackmail, and better manage their media transmission frameworks. Regardless, these associations moreover go up against different data mining challenges in light of the monster size of their enlightening accumulations, the progressive and brief parts of their data, and the need to anticipate to a great degree extraordinary event, for instance, customer coercion and framework frustrations-logically. The universality of data mining in the communicate correspondences industry can be viewed as an enlargement of the use of ace systems in the communicate correspondences ind ustry. These systems were created to address the multifaceted nature related with keeping up a tremendous framework establishment and the needs to increase compose resolute quality while constraining work costs. The issue with these ace systems is that they are expensive to make in light of the fact that it is both troublesome and monotonous to bring out the fundamental space data from masters. Data mining can be viewed as strategies of thusly creating some of this data clearly from the data. The data mining applications for any industry depend on two elements: the information that are accessible and the business issues confronting the business. This area gives foundation data about the information kept up by broadcast communications organizations. The difficulties related with mining media transmission information are moreover portrayed in this area. Media transmission organizations keep up information about the telephone calls that navigate their systems as call detail records, which contain illustrative data for each telephone call. In 2001, ATT long separation clients produced more than 300 million call detail records every day (Cortes and Pregibon, 2001) and, in light of the fact that call detail records are kept online for a while, this implied that billions of call detail records were promptly accessible for information mining. Call detail information is valuable for promoting and extortion recognition applications. Media transmission associations furthermore keep up expansive customer information, for instance, charging information, whats more, moreover information got from outside social affairs, for instance, FICO rating information. This information can be extremely useful and every now and again is solidified with media transmission specific data to upgrade the results of data mining. For example, while call detail data can be used to perceive suspicious calling outlines, a customers FICO evaluation is every now and again solidified into the examination before choosing the likelihood that deception is truly happening. Media interchanges associations moreover create and store an expansive measure of data related to the operation of their frameworks. This is in light of the fact that the framework segments in these broad media transmission frameworks have some self-symptomatic limits that permit them to make both status and ready messages. These surges of messages can be mined remembering the ultimate objective to reinforce sort out organization limits, particularly accuse control besides. Another issue emerges on the grounds that a great part of the media communications information is created continuously and numerous media transmission applications, for example, misrepresentation distinguishing proof whats more, system blame recognition, need to work in constant. As a result of its endeavors to address this issue, the broadcast communications industry has been a pioneer in the examination zone of mining information streams (Aggarwal, 2007). One approach to deal with information streams is to keep up a mark of the information, which is a rundown portrayal of the information that can be upgraded rapidly and incrementally. Cortes and Pregibon (2001) created signature-based techniques and connected them to information surges of call detail records. A last issue with media transmission information whats more, the related applications includes irregularity. For case, both media transmission misrepresentation and system gear disappointments are moderately uncommon. Various information mining applications have been sent in the media communications industry. In any case, most applications can be categorized as one of the accompanying three classes: showcasing, misrepresentation identification, and system blame detachment and forecast. Telecommunications Marketing: Media transmission associations keep up a monstrous measure of information about their customers and, due to a to an incredible degree forceful environment, have remarkable motivation for abusing this information. For these reasons the media correspondences industry has been a pioneer in the use of data mining to perceive customers, hold customers, and extend the advantage got from each customer. Perhaps the most praised usage of data mining to get new media interchanges customers was MCIs Friends and Family program. This program, since quite a while prior surrendered, began in the wake of exhibiting pros perceived various little yet all around related sub graphs in the graphs of calling activity. By offering diminished rates to customers in ones calling circle, this promoting system enabled the association to use their own specific customers as sales representatives. This work can be seen as an early use of casual group examination and association mining. A later case uses the parti cipations between customers to perceive those customers obligated to grasp new media transmission organizations (Hill, Official and Volinsky, 2006). A more standard approach incorporates making customer profiles (i.e., marks) from call detail records and a short time later mining these profiles for exhibiting purposes. This approach has been used to perceive whether a phone line is being used for voice then again fax and to aggregate a phone line as having a place with an either business or private customer. Over the span of late years, the highlight of exhibiting applications in the communicate correspondences industry has moved from recognizing new customers to measuring customer regard and after that figuring out how to hold the most gainful customers. This move has occurred in light of the way that it is fundamentally more exorbitant to secure new media transmission customers than hold existing ones. Along these lines it is useful to know the total lifetime estimation of a custo mer, which is the total net pay an association can expect from that customer after some time. An arrangement of data mining techniques is being used to model customer lifetime regard for media transmission customers. Telecommunications Fraud Detection: Misrepresentation is intense issue for media transmission organizations, bringing about billions of dollars of lost income every year. Misrepresentation can be partitioned into two classes: membership misrepresentation and superimposition misrepresentation. Membership misrepresentation happens when a client opens a record with the goal of never paying the record and superimposition misrepresentation happens when a culprit increases unlawful access to the record of a true blue client. In this last case, the deceitful conduct will frequently happen in parallel with true blue client conduct (i.e., is superimposed on it). Superimposition extortion has been an a great deal more noteworthy issue for media transmission organizations than membership extortion. In a perfect world, both membership extortion and superimposition misrepresentation ought to be recognized instantly and the related client account deactivated or suspended. In any case, since it is regularly hard to recognize real and unlawful use with restricted information, it is not generally attainable to identify extortion when it starts. This issue is aggravated by the way that there are considerable expenses related with researching extortion, and expenses if use is erroneously named false (e.g., an irritated client). The most well-known system for distinguishing superimposition misrepresentation is to think about the clients present calling conduct with a profile of his past use, utilizing deviation identification and peculiarity location systems. The profile must have the capacity to be immediately upgraded in light of the fact that of the volume of call detail records and the need to distinguish misrepresentation in an opportune way. Cortes and Pregibon (2001) produced a mark from an information stream of call-detail records to succinctly portray the calling conduct of clients and afterward they utilized oddity recognition to measure the oddity of another call in respect to a specific record. Because new conduct does not really suggest misrepresentation, this fundamental approach was enlarged by contrasting the new calling conduct to profiles of non-specific misrepresentation-and extortion is as it were flagged if the conduct matches one of these profiles. Client level information can likewise help in distinguishing misrepresentation. For instance, value plan and FICO assessment data can be consolidated into the extortion examination. Later work utilizing marks has utilized element bunching and deviation recognition to distinguish extortion (Alves et al., 2006). In this work, every mark was put inside a bunch and an adjustment in group enrollment was seen as a potential marker of misrepresentation. There are a few strategies for recognizing misrepresentation that try not to include looking at new conduct against a profile of old conduct. Culprits of misrepresentation infrequently work alone. For instance, culprits of misrepresentation frequently go about as dealers and offer illegal administrations to others-and the illicit purchasers will regularly utilize distinctive records to call a similar telephone number over and over. Cortes and Pregibon (2001) abused this conduct by perceiving that specific telephone numbers are over and over called from traded off records and th at calls to these numbers are a solid marker that the present record may be traded off. A last strategy for recognizing misrepresentation misuses human example acknowledgment abilities. Cox, Eick and Wills (1997) manufactured a suite of apparatuses for envisioning information that was customized to show calling action in such a way that abnormal examples are effortlessly recognized by clients. These instruments were then used to recognize universal calling misrepresentation. Checking and keeping up media transmission systems is a critical undertaking. As these systems got to be progressively unpredictable, master frameworks were produced to deal with the cautions produced by the system components. Be that as it may, on the grounds that these frameworks are costly to create and keep current, information mining applications have been created to recognize also, anticipate arrange flaws. Blame distinguishing proof can be very troublesome in light of the fact that a solitary blame may bring about a course of alerts-a number of which are not related with the underlying driver of the issue. Subsequently a vital some portion of blame recognizable proof is alert connection, which empowers various alerts to be perceived as being identified with a solitary blame. The Telecommunication Alarm Sequence Analyzer (TASA) is an information mining apparatus that guides with blame recognizable proof by searching for as often as possible happening worldly examples of cautions. Designs recognized by this instrument were then used to help build an administer based caution connection framework. Another exertion, used to foresee media transmission switch disappointments, utilized a hereditary calculation to mine chronicled caution logs searching for prescient consecutive furthermore, fleeting examples (Weiss and Hirsh, 1998). One confinement with the methodologies simply portrayed is that they overlook the basic data about the fundamental arrange. The nature of the mined groupings can be enhanced if topological closeness requirements are considered in the information mining process or if substructures in the media transmission information can be distinguished and abused to permit less complex, more valuable, examples to be scholarly (Baritchi, Cook, and La wrence, 2000). Another approach is to utilize Bayesian Belief Networks to distinguish issues, since they can reason about circumstances and end results. Information mining ought to play a vital and expanding part in the broadcast communications industry due to the lot of top notch information accessible, the aggressive nature of the business and the advances being made in information mining. Specifically, progresses in mining information streams, mining successive and fleeting information, whats more, foreseeing/ordering uncommon occasions ought to profit the media communications industry. As these and other advances are made, more dependence will be put on the information procured through information mining and less on the information procured through the time-serious process of inspiring area learning from specialists-in spite of the fact that we expect human specialists will keep on playing an critical part for quite a while to come. Changes in the way of the media communications industry will likewise prompt to the advancement of new applications also, the destruction of some present applications. For instance, the fundamental us e of extortion location in the broadcast communications industry used to be in cell cloning extortion, however this is not true anymore on the grounds that the issue has been generally disposed of because of innovative propels in the PDA confirmation handle. It is hard to foresee what future changes will confront the media communications industry, however as telecom organizations begin giving TV administration to the home and more advanced phone administrations turned out to be accessible (e.g., music, video, and so on.), it is clear that new information mining applications, for example, recommender frameworks, will be created and conveyed. Sadly, there is likewise one upsetting pattern that has created as of late. This worries the expanding conviction that U.S. media transmission organizations are too promptly offering client records to legislative offices. This worry emerged in 2006 due to disclosures-made open in various daily paper and magazine articles-that media communications organizations were turning over data on calling examples to the National Security Agency (NSA) for motivations behind information mining. In the event that this worry proceeds to develop unchecked, it could prompt to limitations that farthest point the utilization of information digging for true blue purposes. The media communications industry has been one of the early adopters of information mining and has sent various information mining applications. The essential applications identify with showcasing, extortion discovery, and system checking. Information mining in the media communications industry confronts a few difficulties, because of the measure of the informational collections, the successive and fleeting nature of the information, and the constant prerequisites of a large number of the applications. New techniques have been produced and existing techniques have been upgraded to react to these difficulties. The focused and changing nature of the business, joined with the way that the business produces colossal measures of information, guarantees that information mining will assume an essential part later on of the media communications industry. References [1] Rosset, S., Neumann, E., Eick, U., Vatnik (2003). Client generation value models for decision support. Data Mining and Information Innovation, 7(3), 321- 339. [2] Winter Corporation (2003). 2003 Top 10 Award Winners. Retrieved October 8, 2005, from http://www.wintercorp.com/VLDB/2003_TopTen_Survey/TopTenwinners.asp [3] Fawcett, T., Provost, F. (2002). Fraud Uncovering. In W. Klosgen J. Zytkow (Eds.), Handbook of Data Mining and Information Sighting (pp. 726-731). New York: Oxford University Press. [4] Mozer, M., Wolniewicz, R., Grimes, D., Johnson, E., Kaushansky, H. (2000). Forecasting subscriber displeasure and improving retention in the wireless telecommunication industry. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 11, 690-696. [5] Weiss, G., Ros, J., Singhal, A. (1998). ANSWER: Network monitoring using object-oriented rule. Records of the Tenth Conference on Ground-breaking Applications of Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1087-1093). Menlo Park: AAAI Press. [6] Alves, R., Ferreira, P., Belo, O., Lopes, J., Ribeiro, J., Cortesao, L., Martins, F. (2006). Determining telecom fraud circumstances through mining unpredictable behavior patterns. Records of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Data Mining for Business Applications (pp. 1-7). New York: ACM Press. [7] Kaplan, H., Strauss, M., Szegedy, M. (1999). Just the fax-discriminating voice and fax phone lines using call billing data. Reports of the Tenth Annual ACM-SIAM Convention on Distinct Algorithms (pp. 935-936). Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. [8] Baritchi, A., Cook, D., Holder, L. (2000). Determining organizational patterns in broadcastings data. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Florida AI Research Symposium (pp. 82-85).

John Hancock Essay -- essays research papers

In all of American history, there are many men who stand out and emphasize the history ofour country. This man, John Hancock, is one of those extraordinary men that stand out.John’s life began on January 16, 1736 in Braintree, Massachuchetts.John was the middle child of three. He was the son of (Rev.) John Hancock, born on June 1, 1702 in Lexington, Massachuchetts and son of Mary Hawke, born on October 13, 1711 in Hingham, Massachuchetts. Mary was once married before she married John Hancock Sr. Her previous marriage ended in her former husband’s death.(Rev.) John Hancock was well-liked by his parish, was paid well, and was provided a very comfortable home. In return of their generosity, he was a "faithful shepard." He kept an attentive watch over the morals and religious well-being of all members of the parish. Ever since John’s (Jr.) birth, he was perceived to go to Harvard. At the age of six, his parents sent him to a local dame school. Later he was sent to another school, in which he might have met John Adams, with whom he struck up a casual acquaintance. Like all the other children in town, he learned the basics of reading, writing, and figuring.All things seemed to go well, until the spring of 1774. His father came down with an illness, that later would be the cause of his death. His sadness grew more because of the reason that they would have to move. Mary’s parents were both dead and a very difficult decision would have to be made by Mary. Her anxiety to make that decision was lessened by the invitation from the bishop and his wife, to live with them in Lexington. A year later, John was sent away to live with his uncle Thomas and aunt Lydia, and to attend Boston Latin School. It isn’t sure if he moved there to live with his uncle or to attend that school. What is beyond dispute, though, is that this move altered radically John Hancock’s life and altered the history of America, as well. The August after John arrived, his uncle and him went down to the school and applied. John was accepted almost immediately, after reading some verses from the bible. His age though caused a slight problem. He was almost nine years of age and all the first graders were almost seven. The master of the school, John Lovell, found a nice solution. Since John was excellently trained in Lexington, Lowell moved him up to third grade. John was neither ... ... the troops stayed, more bloodshed would occur and his troops would be in danger. Another act was passed and this was the Tea Act. The British thought that this was a very good idea, but it was a double threat10to him. It worried him that the British were using this as an opening to acquire other trade. To him, the more important thing was the political implications. Americans were being asked to financethe destruction of their own rights. That fateful night, in which the throwing of the tea occurred, was one that will always be remembered. Before the unloading of the tea, a meeting was held, in which they decided to do, what they did. John Hancock was able say, in a period of order, "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes."11 Shortly afterwards, Samuel Adams gave the signal for the men to go on the ship, after declaring " this meeting can do nothingmore to save the country."John Hancock would go on to be the first signer of the Declaration Of Independence. John was a very smart, intriguing man. He was well-liked and known by all.John Hancock, in my eyes, is a true patriot. He will always been known to Americans, in one way or another.

David Copperfield Essay -- English Literature

David Copperfield Choose an important passage or event from the first 14 chapters of David Copperfield. Analyse the significance of that moment to the novel as a whole. You should write about themes or ideas that are relevant to earlier or later passages in the novel, The way the novel was written, published and read, Any clues Dickens provides about the future of the novel. When Mr. Murdstone arrived, David was clueless at what this dark mysterious man would bring to his life. This person friendliness was pleasant and kind towards David and his mother to start with, but David’s seemed to sense something peculiar about his attitude which he shows us by using a naà ¯ve narrator. This lets us picture it through David’s childish recollection instead of someone recalling the incidence from the past. Hence the reason he does not understand why he has this feelings towards this man and can not see it through an adults perspective. David was sent away to live Peggoty and her family for a few weeks and he believed it was just for a nice holiday away from home, little did... David Copperfield Essay -- English Literature David Copperfield Choose an important passage or event from the first 14 chapters of David Copperfield. Analyse the significance of that moment to the novel as a whole. You should write about themes or ideas that are relevant to earlier or later passages in the novel, The way the novel was written, published and read, Any clues Dickens provides about the future of the novel. When Mr. Murdstone arrived, David was clueless at what this dark mysterious man would bring to his life. This person friendliness was pleasant and kind towards David and his mother to start with, but David’s seemed to sense something peculiar about his attitude which he shows us by using a naà ¯ve narrator. This lets us picture it through David’s childish recollection instead of someone recalling the incidence from the past. Hence the reason he does not understand why he has this feelings towards this man and can not see it through an adults perspective. David was sent away to live Peggoty and her family for a few weeks and he believed it was just for a nice holiday away from home, little did...

Music in William Shakespeare’s Plays :: Biography Biographies Essays

Music in Shakespeare’s Plays    Elizabethans, during the time of the notorious William Shakespeare (1564-1616), were extremely sensitive to beauty and grace and had an undying enthusiasm for music and poetry. Music was a vital part of Elizabethan society; it was thought that a man who could not read music or understand it was poorly educated. The common entertainment and amusement was centered on music, song, and dance, people of all classes enjoyed the splendor of the music at this time. Since music was so popular and so widely understood, it is little wonder that most Elizabethan plays, including Shakespeare’s plays, have music in them.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare uses music in his plays for several reasons, all of which are extremely significant. The first is evident in which music was so popular during this time that it influenced the performed plays. Shakespeare had a mixed audience who enjoyed and attended his plays. Music, which was understood practically universally allowed everyone to understand his plays and relate to them more easily. If people did not understand the language or the plot, the music could make it easier for them to follow along.      Secondly, on the stage music played a very important role. Music contributed to the atmosphere and set the mood in many of Shakespeare’s plays.   There was a special musicians’ gallery above the stage, the music sometimes was played on the stage, and there were occasions when it was played under the stage to achieve an eerie effect. During comedy plays gentle songs would be played with the lute and during tragedies and histories the sounds of trumpets and drums would echo through the theater. For example, if a king entered the trumpets would sound and everyone would know who it was. The Twelfth Night is also a good example; it includes instrumental serenades and rousing drinking songs, all to show the gaiety and sadness for the mood of the play.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some songs and music are intended to represent a soliloquy, when private thoughts and feelings are performed. Songs, music, and sound effects represent themes, tones, moods, emotions, and even people. Shakespeare, being a lyric poet, used fifty or more songs in his plays and wrote hundreds of stage directions calling for music.

Phonemic awareness Essay

Phonemic awareness has been defined as the ability to deal unequivocally and segmentally with sound units which are smaller than the syllable. Phonemes are the tiniest elements that make up the spoken language. Phonemic awareness thus is the ability that enables an individual to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken language (National Reading Panel (NRP), 2010). It has been established that the term phonemic awareness became popular in 1990s when researchers were attempting to study the development of early literacy and reading disability. Having been defined as the ability of the language learner to manipulate the sounds of spoken words, phonemic awareness plays a crucial role in language development in children. This paper will explore the impacts of phonemic awareness on the child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skills: More often than not, the term phonemic awareness has been used interchangeably with phonological awareness. However, the two terms are very distinct considering that phonemic awareness concentrates on the phonemes which are the smallest units that make up the speech whereas phonological awareness focuses on both the small and the larger units as well including the syllables, onsets, and rhymes. A child who possesses the phonemic awareness skills will be able to segment sounds in words for instance, they are able to recognize and identify a word from the separate sounds in the word (International Reading Organization, 1998). Phonemic awareness can therefore be said to be the only aspect of reading that is highly crucial in children before they can start to learn reading. Phonemic awareness is therefore a pre-requisite for development of reading in children (Brummitt, 2007). Impacts of Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness has great impacts on a child’s early development of reading and spelling skills. Phonemic skill like segmentation of words is very crucial in determining how the child will be able to master spoken language. The amount of sound information that children can handle at a time will determine the ability of the children to learn the phonological skills in language. Studies have shown that phonemically aware children are more capable of reading words in prose with minimum mistakes than those who are phonemically unaware. Children are known to learn the spelling skills in two ways which includes internalization of the orthographic patterns of written words through imitation, and by synthesizing their understanding of letters and letter clusters with how the word is said in an analogy process. Learning to spell unfamiliar words either by imitation or analogy with familiar words is usually â€Å"influenced by Knowledge of letter-sound mappings, the amount of complexity of orthographic information the kids can process, and their knowledge of word structures† (Munro, 2010, para 27). Definitely, there is a relationship between the awareness of sound segmentation in words and learning how to spell using the two techniques described above (Munro, 2010). Conclusion: Phonemic awareness is a very essential aspect of language development in children during their development stages.  Phonemic awareness can be responsible for positive development in IQ, vocabulary, listening, comprehension, and how well kids can learn to read, write, and spell. The children should also be able to express what is in their mind by the aid of phonemic awareness even when they had never seen the printed version of the word before. It is evident that by teaching the children how to manipulate the sounds in language improves their reading capabilities. In general, training in phonetic awareness positively impacts on the children’s language development in reading and spelling.

Living by Numbers

Living By Numbers-Value Creation Or Profit? Case Summary This case basically explains about MarineCorp Sdn Bhd leads by Hafiz Hashim who has position as a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) in MarineCorp. It is also a subsidiary of SURIA. MarineCorp is a maritime solution provider for its SURIA and have two subsidiaries which are Green Port Sdn Bhd and Sungai Emas Sdn Bhd. MarineCorp has their responsibility in manage and conducting both subsidiaries.The financial statements of the three companies will end by twelve months on 31st December 2009. The problems have arise in managing the three of the company in terms of Key Performance Indicator (KPIs) that will used in the three of company as President of SURIA wanted Value Based Management(VBM) to be used in itself and in three of the companies. Under VBM, performance of the company will be seen through performance evaluation and appraisal of employees while the value of the company will valued based on economic earnings.But, there is cont radiction between President of SURIA and CFO of MarineCorp, Hafiz Hashim since he thought that value company performance should be measured based on investment make by equity and debts holders. It means that they need to see investment based on expected return and cost of capital incurred by company. Next discussion is about dilemma faces by Hafiz from the problems arising. We found that there are three of dilemmas from discussion.Firstly, uncertainty in using economic earnings as required by the Group or used profits as practiced by MarineCorp to report financial statements. Secondly, Hafiz also in dilemma when the president asked him to ranked the three companies in terms of their performance and prepares suggestions on how to improve the performance of the company. Thirdly, Hafiz also pressured with General Manager of Green Port Sdn Bhd and MarineCorp about the issues of accounting in terms of maintenance costs, and the payments of dividends.The protagonist in this case is Hafiz Hashim because he is the person who is responsible in decision making for determining which performance value that could be used by the company. Furthermore, he should follow instruction of the president to use economic earnings to measure performance value of three companies. But, decision making make by Hafiz quite different with the requirement asked by the president since he thinks the best way to evaluate performance value should linked with the investments’ expected return based on cost of capital

Rehabilitation Paper Essay

Rehabilitation is a word that is used often within the corrections, in the prison setting. It is an attempt to change an individual’s attitude and behavior. There are programs that are to prevent habitual offenders, help a criminal get to their normal state of mind and not to be punishing for their action that may cause the criminal to change and become an outstanding citizen that follows the rules instead of the individual getting out and committing another crime. Throughout the years there has been many processes created to form rehabilitation process of criminal justice. The process has helped many offenders by allowing him/her to return within their community as a changed individual. Rehabilitation is a specific program that is applied within a prison setting to bring the end of a criminal’s behavior called desistance, the meaning to cease and stop. An inmate getting into the right program would keep them long enough in order to complete the program successfully, once the program has been completed then the inmate can be put in the community so that their behavior would be tested as a non-criminal behavior. There are some facilities that offer rehab, religion, and anger management (Foster, 2006). In the twentieths century it was believed that prison official were not able to give a defined and clear method of rehabilitation (Foster, 2006). Scientific penology was a major role in defining and conducting structured thoughts and scientific studies that is utilized through rehabilitation (Foster, 2006). The program has an effect on prisoners, the prisons and society in various ways. Inmates have these types of programs available as it gives the individual something constructive to do with his/her time. The type of rehabilitation programs can have a  positive impact on inmate’s life, if rehabilitation is completed while incarcerated all means his/her life change and when released they will benefit to society. In my opinion, I think that prison rehabilitation is in a good setting when it comes to offenders however, once an individual is released he/she should continue to be monitored for a period of time to make sure that they stay on the straight and positive path. Rehabilitation can help an individual make positive choices in his or her life. I just believe that it can be a positive program, however prisoners have to see a need for rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is a word that is used often within the corrections, in the prison setting. It is an attempt to change an individual’s attitude and behavior. There are programs that are to prevent habitual offenders, help a criminal get to their normal state of mind and not to be punishing for their action that may cause the criminal to change and become an outstanding citizen that follows the rules instead of the individual getting out and committing another crime. Throughout the years there has been many processes created to form rehabilitation process of criminal justice. The process has helped many offenders by allowing him/her to return within their community as a changed individual. Rehabilitation is a specific program that is applied within a prison setting to bring the end of a criminal’s behavior called desistance, the meaning to cease and stop. An inmate getting into the right program would keep them long enough in order to complete the program successfully, once the program has been completed then the inmate can be put in the community so that their behavior would be tested as a non-criminal behavior. There are some facilities that offer rehab, religion, and anger management (Foster, 2006). In the twentieths century it was believed that prison official were not able to give a defined and clear method of rehabilitation (Foster, 2006). Scientific penology was a major role in defining and conducting structured thoughts and scientific studies that is utilized through rehabilitation (Foster, 2006). The program has an effect on prisoners, the prisons and society in various ways. Inmates have these types of programs available as it gives the individual something constructive to do with his/her time. The type of rehabilitation programs can have a  positive impact on inmate’s life, if rehabilitation is completed while incarcerated all means his/her life change and when released they will benefit to society. In my opinion, I think that prison rehabilitation is in a good setting when it comes to offenders however, once an individual is released he/she should continue to be monitored for a period of time to make sure that they stay on the straight and positive path. Rehabilitation can help an individual make positive choices in his or her life. I just believe that it can be a positive program, however prisoners have to see a need for rehabilitation.