The Principal Crusades

The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens and the rescuing of holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans. (Alchin 1) There were eight Crusades in number; the first four were sometimes called the Principal Crusades, and the remaining four were the called the Minor Crusades. (Alchin 1) The Principal Crusades, however, were considered to be the most important. (Alchin 1) The Principal Crusades started because of key people or key events, which led to affect history.Every crusade contained key people, which helped spark the crusades, or contained key leaders that were important in conquering them. The first impulse to the Crusade came from an appeal of the eastern emperor, Michael VII to Pope Gregory VII for aid against the Seljuks. (Walker 2) Alexius I, a stronger ruler tan him immediate predecessors in Constantinople, saw the divisive squabbles among the Seljuk chieftain as an opportunity to take the offensiv e. (Walker 2) He, therefore, appealed to Pope Urban II for assistance in raising a body of western knights to help him recover his lost Asiatic provinces. Walker 2) Urban called on all Christendom to take part in the work, promising a complete remission of sins to those who would take the arduous journey. (Walker 2) The leaders of the first Crusade included some of the most distinguished representatives of European knighthood. (Alchin 2) Count Raymond of Toulouse headed a band of volunteers from a Province in southern France. (Alchin 2) Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin commanded a force of French and Germans from the Rhinelands. (Alchin 2) Normandy sent Robert, William the Conqueror's eldest son. Waring 167) The Normans from Italy and Sicily were led by Bohemond, a son of Robert Guiscard, and his nephew Tancred. (Alchin 2) All of these men were key leaders in the first Crusade. In 1145, Pope Eugenius III proclaimed a new crusade and in 1147 the second crusade set forth, b ut it showed little of the fiery enthusiasm which the first crusade possessed. (Walker 4) The contagion of the holy enthusiasm seized not only barons, knights, and the common people, but kings and emperors were now infected with the sacred frenzy. (Alchin 11) The key leaders of the second crusade were two monarchs, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Alchin 11) Conrad III, emperor of Germany, was persuaded to leave the affairs of his distracted empire in the hands of God, and consecrate himself to the defense of the sepulcher of Christ. (Buddy 11) Louis VII. , king of France, was led to undertake the crusade through remorse for an act of great cruelty that he had perpetrated upon some of his revolted subjects. (Alchin 11) The key men of the third crusade were both distinct leaders. King Richard I of England, who was later given the title the â€Å"Lion-hearted†, was the central figure among the Christians knights of this crusade. Alchin 16) The other was Saladin, c hief of the Mohammedans, who was not lacking in any of those knightly virtues with which the writers of the time invested the character of the English hero. (Alchin 20) At one time, when Richard was sick with a fever, Saladin, knowing that he was poorly supplied with delicacies, sent him a gift of the choicest fruits of the land. (Alchin 20) On another occasion, Richard's horse having been killed in battle, the sultan caused a fine Arabian steed to be led to the Christian camp as a present for his rival. Alchin 20) For two years Richard the Lion-hearted vainly contended in almost daily combat with his generous antagonist for the possession of the tomb of Christ. (Alchin 20) Both of these men contributed to the third crusade. The fourth Crusade was authored by only one person, and that person only had one goal. The young, enthusiastic and ambitious Pope Innocent III sought once more to unite the force of Christendom against Islam. (Cairns 216) No emperor or king answered his summons, but a number of knights took the crusader’s vow. Alchin 24) None of the Crusades, after the Third, effected much in the Holy Land; either their force was spent before reaching it, or they were diverted from their purpose by different objects and ambitions. (Alchin 24) All of these key figures helped spark the Principal Crusades. The results from the key events were the end of the Principal Crusades. These events that follow helped the Christians prevail over the Muslims. Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and Tancred lead an expedition to recapture Jerusalem. (Alchin 5) The expedition numbered about seven hundred thousand men, of which one hundred thousand were called knights. Alchin 5) The crusaders traversed Europe by different routes and reassembled at Constantinople. (Alchin 5) Crossing the Bosphorus, they first captured Nicaea, the Turkish capital, in Bithynia, and then set out across Asia Minor for Syria. (Alchin 5) Arriving at Antioch, the survivors captured that place, and then, after some delays, pushed on towards Jerusalem. (Alchin 5) The Siege of Antioch had lasted from  October 1097 to June 1098. (Alchin 5) Reduced now to perhaps one-fourth of their original numbers, the crusaders advanced slowly to the city which formed the goal of all their efforts, Jerusalem. Alchin 6) When the Crusaders were in full view of the Holy City, a perfect delirium of joy seized the crusaders. (Alchin 6) They embraced one another with tears of joy, and even embraced and kissed the ground on which they stood. (Alchin 6) As they passed on, they took off their shoes, and marched with uncovered heads and bare feet before attacking it. (Alchin 6) Then the grand assault came. The first assault made by the Christians upon the walls of the city was repulsed; but the second was successful, and the city was in the hands of the crusaders by July 1099. Alchin 7) Once inside the city, the crusaders massacred their enemies without mercy. (Alchin 7) The fall and massacr e of the city of Edessa sparked the second crusade. In the year 1146, the city of Edessa, the bulwark of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem on the side towards Mesopotamia, was taken by the Turks, and the entire population was slaughtered, or sold into slavery. (Alchin 9) This disaster threw the entire West into a state of the greatest alarm, lest the little Christian state and all the holy places should again fall into the hands of the infidels. Alchin 9) The second crusade, though begun under the most favorable auspices, had an unhappy ending. (Alchin 12) Of the great host that set out from Europe, only a few thousands escaped annihilation in Asia Minor at the hands of the Turks. (Alchin 12) Louis and Conrad, with the remnants of their armies, made a joint attack on Damascus, but had to raise the siege after a few days. (Alchin 12) This closed the second crusade. The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin stimulated the third crusade. Having made himself sultan of Egypt, Saladin united the M oslems of Syria under his sway and then advanced against the Latin  Kingdom of Jerusalem. Alchin 14) The Christians met him in a great battle near the lake of Galilee. (Alchin 14) It ended in the rout of their army and the capture of their king. (Alchin 14) Saladin quickly reaped the fruits of victory. (Alchin 14) The Christian cities of Syria opened their gates to him, and at last Jerusalem itself surrendered after a short siege. (Alchin 14) The news of the taking of Jerusalem spread consternation throughout western Christendom. (Alchin 15) The cry for another crusade arose on all sides. (Alchin 15) Once more thousands of men sewed the cross in gold, or silk, or cloth upon their garments and set out for the Holy Land. Alchin 15) When the three greatest rulers of Europe, King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa heard about the catastrophe; they set out, each at the head of a large army, for the recovery of the Holy Cit y of Jerusalem. (Walker 5) Thus the third crusade began. The crusaders of the fourth expedition captured Constantinople instead of Jerusalem. The crusaders took Constantinople by storm. (Alchin 26) No infidels could have been treated in a worse fashion than this home of ancient civilization. Alchin 26) They burned down a great part of it; they slaughtered the inhabitants; they wantonly destroyed monuments, statues, paintings, and manuscripts—the accumulation of a thousand years—and carried away much of the movable wealth. (Alchin 26) Never had there been such plunder since the world began. (Alchin 26) The results of these events played important roles in the Principal Crusades. The effect of the Principal Crusades had historical implications on society. At the recapturing of Jerusalem of the first crusade, a terrible slaughter of the infidels took place. Alchin 7) For seven days the carnage went on, at the end of it, scarcely any of the Moslem faith was left alive. (Al chin 7) The Christians took possession of the houses and property of the infidels, each soldier having a right to that which he had first seized and placed his mark upon. (Alchin 7) All of this was the affect of the first crusade. At the retreating from the siege of Damascus of the second crusade, the strength of both the French and the German division of the expedition was wasted in Asia Minor, and the crusade accomplished nothing. (Alchin 12) Thus was the end of the second Crusade.In the third crusade, although Richard was unsuccessful in recapturing Jerusalem, he did get Saladin to agree to give pilgrims free access to the city without paying tribute. (Cairns 214) After the truce, Richard set sail for England, and with his departure from the Holy Land the third crusade came to an end. (Cairns 214) Thus was the end of the third crusade. Although the crusaders of the fourth crusade had plundered from the sack of Constantinople, it had a negative effect. Constantinople declined in s trength and could no longer cope with the barbarians menacing it. (Alchin 28) Two centuries later the city fell easily to the Turks. Alchin 28) Their greed and lust for power turned the fourth crusade into a political adventure. (Alchin 28) Thus was the ending of the fourth crusade. These were the historical affects of the Principal Crusades. The trigger of the Principal Crusades was from the emulation of key leaders and the stimulation of key events, which both had negative and positive effects on history. The crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe. There purpose, to take back former Christian nations from pagans and to restore Christianity throughout them. Works CitedAlchin, Linda. â€Å"The Crusades. † Middle Ages. N. S. , 16 July 2006. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. < http://www. middle-ages. org. uk/the-crusades. htm> Buddy. â€Å"A Brief History of the Crusades. † My Discipleship Journal (2010). Print. Cairns, Earl. Christianity through the Centuries: a History of the Christian Church. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. Print. Walker. â€Å"The Crusades. † Theology Website. N. S. , 1997. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. < http://theologywebsite. com/ history/crusades. shtml>. Waring, Diana. Romans, Reformers, and Revolutionaries. Petersburg: Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc. , 2008. Print.

Social Inequality and Race

Running head: SOCIAL INEQUALITY & RACE Social Inequality and Race Markus Nehlsen ETH/125 Megan Burke April 21, 2012 Identified Group To choose an ethnic or racial group which I belong to can be easy for those who see my physical appearance but it can be difficult for me to decide. The racial group I have always claimed and identified with is White non-Hispanic or Caucasian. To determine my particular ethnic group is unclear because I was adopted; however, I was raised by a German mother and Caucasian father, so I can categorize myself in with German-American ethnic group.As I take look at the choices I can best associate with, I believe the best selection for me is White non-Hispanic or Caucasian racial group. Interactions It is difficult to pinpoint how races interact with each other. Historically in the past and present discrimination and prejudices have occurred against minority groups, like African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans. According to Eitzen (2000), the cri tical feature of the minority group's status is its inferior social position, in which its interests are not effectively represented in the political, economic, and social institutions of the society.In this viewpoint Whiteness is the normal or a natural condition. Eitzen (2000) further explains that this is a false picture of race. In reality, the racial order shapes the lives of all people, even Whites who are advantaged by the system. Just as social classes exist in relation to each other, races are defined, compared, and judged in relation to other races. Social Inequalities There are some people that will argue that social inequalities do exist because of race. Eitzen (2000) stated that the United States now faces serious new racial problems.These problems include the increasing isolation of minorities in central cities, growing minority unemployment, and other forms of economic dislocation. The American Prospect (2007) stated that poor African Americans were depicted as especi ally dysfunctional and undeserving of assistance, with an emphasis on violence, poor choices, and dependency. It further explains that the black underclass appears as a menace and a source of social disorganization in news accounts of black urban crime, gang violence, drug use, teenage pregnancy, riots, homelessness, and general aimlessness.For instance, minorities are over-represented in prison cells compared to white people. Not necessarily in numbers, but proportionally. This is argued, that it's because the White race is more protected, they can afford better lawyers, receive preferential treatment by judges, and that that the minority groups are often targeted in drug busts and gang membership arrests more often than Whites. Schaefer (2012) points out that inner-city drive-by shootings have come to be seen as a race-specific problem worthy of local officials cleaning up troubled neighborhoods.Yet, schoolyard shootouts are viewed as a societal concern and placed on the national agenda Racial Prejudice Causes According to Schaefer (2012), racial prejudice is often used to justify keeping a group in a subordinate economic position. Conflict theorists, in particular, stress the role of racial and ethnic hostility as a way for the dominant group to keep its position of status and power intact. Competition is a huge factor in the causes of racial prejudices.Let’s say that one Black nurse and one White nurse are competing for a supervisor position, this competition could lead to racial hostility if one perceives the other being hired before them because of race. It could be that more education gives a broader outlook and makes a person less likely to endorse myths that sustain racial prejudice. If people are in competition, as already noted, contact may heighten tension.However, bringing people together to share a common task has been shown to reduce ill feelings when these people belong to different racial, ethnic, or religious groups. The key factor in reducing hostility, in addition to equal-status contact, is the presence of a common goal. (Schaefer, 2012) Conclusion According to Marti (n. d. ) the majority of White Americans will overlook the distinctive experiences of other racial and ethnic groups because they tend to believe discrimination is no longer an issue.They feel that America is a firmly established meritocracy because prominent African Americans are successful in sports and entertainment and because the outright denial of access to jobs, housing, and public accommodations is now illegal. Race is a social construction, and this process benefits the oppressor, who defines who is privileged and who is not. The acceptance of race in society as a genuine category allows the racial pecking order to emerge to the advantage of the dominant races. (Schaefer, 2012)References The American Prospect. (2007) Inequality, Race, and Remedy. Retrieved from http://prospect. org/article/inequality-race-and-remedy Eitzen, D. Stanley (20 00) Social Problems (8th Ed. ). : Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Retrieved from http://dmc122011. delmar. edu/socsci/rlong/problems/chap-08. htm Gerald Marti. (n. d. ) Racial and Ethnic Dynamics among Contemporary Young Adults. Retrieved from http://www. changingsea. net/essays/Marti. pdf Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ). : Prentice-Hall.

Emerald Energy Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Emerald Energy Plc - Case Study Example The revenue earnings of Emerald Energy have shown a sharp increase during the year 2008 as compared to the previous year. The increase is significant to the extent of 94% over the sales revenue for the year 2008. The change in the sales revenue during the year 2007 as compared with 2006 is showing a decline of 3.38% over 2006 figures. This trend is depicted in the following graph. The ability of a firm to generate profits can be assessed by working out the profitability ratios for a historical period and by analyzing the sources of income. The gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net income as a percentage of total turnover presents a realistic view of the firm's ability to generate profits. "Profitability ratios offer several different measures of the success of the firm at generating profits." (NetMBA, 2007) The ratios worked out for the Company and the ratio derived for the industry from the published sources are presented below: The above table indicates that the profitability o... The gross margin has increased mainly because of the increase in the sales revenue due to higher prices of petroleum products during early 2008. The increase in gross margin can be traced to the lower cost of sales. The cost of sales for the year 2008 was 29.25% as against 69.92% for the year 2007. This accounts for the steep increase in the gross margin as well as the increase in the operating and net margins. The increase in the profitability can be observed from the following graph. Return on Shareholder's Equity (ROE) The return on shareholder's equity ratio is another important investment valuation ratio used by the investors to evaluate the profitability of the company and its ability to generate earnings by utilizing the capital invested by the equity shareholders. This ratio is considered as more meaningful to the investors. The return on shareholder's equity has increased significantly over the three year period. Presently as per the latest financial information available on the company, the return on shareholder's equity ratio is stated as 28.45% while the ratio for the industry stands at 17.53 (Reuters, 2009). Analysis of Operating Efficiency The working Capital ratios indicate how well the company is able to manage its working capital. "The asset management ratios are also known as working capital ratios or the efficiency ratios. The aim is to measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets." (NetTom, n.d.) The efficiency ratios for Emerald Energy are exhibited below: 2006 2007 2008 Industry Receivables Turnover (Times) 12.06 9.41 5.76 12.26 Total Assets Turnover

The use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the instances of Research Paper

The use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the instances of surgical site infections - Research Paper Example We will write a plan for the implementation and evaluation of this plan and its application guidelines. In the interest of covering the trend of electronic health records, the plan will involve the use of newer technologies in maintaining a 100% antibiotic prophylaxis rate. While much has been written concerning which medications to use, when and how, I will take the Stetler Model to use newer technologies to improve upon current problems and provide new ideas to that extent. Phase 1: Introduction and Preparation A great many strides have been made since the advent of antibiotics that have helped cure infection and even prevent them from happening. In surgical care, because the body is being necessarily invaded normal flora can be translated to areas in which they become pathogenic and cause infection and disease (Wells, 2009) . Surgical site infections occur as a result of these bacteria and cause disease in the following manners: Incisional Deep (muscle and fascial layers) Subcutan eous (cellulitis) Organ or Space (Abscess or Meningitis) Further, research conducted by White (2007) shows how despite national recommendation guidelines many hospital surgical teams fail in achieving a 95%+ rate of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent post-operative infections which can occur as late as 30 days after the procedure (Wells, 2009). The most common soft tissue infectionsare gram positive organisms and are easily treated or prevented, but if allowed to infect areas of the body without prior treatment they can reproduce and cause abscesses, then the chance of damaging infections where organ function is compromised can be adequately controlled using the Stetler model to be implemented here. Appendix 1 will show the replication of the National Research Council Wound Classification. Interest Interest in this topic stems from insight to the needs we have at present to improve some of the antiquated paper systems in place with one that provides for the needs of the pati ent population, accounting for human error, that will be incurring a surgical procedure and that would be all patients from pediatric to geriatric. The need to limit infection as a complication of an already difficult medical practice is tantamount to improving post-operative infection outcomes where co-morbidities are not common place, but rare and limited. Patient Population and Clinical Settings As mentioned, almost every patient will at one time need a surgical procedure. However, each operation is different and carries risks unique to itself. A colectomy will certainly need different antibiotic treatment than a simple cyst removal or even a transplant operation, however the pre-surgical needs are all the same. Each patient needs to meet with the anesthesiologist, the operating surgeon if they haven't prior to the date, and nursing staff who will be caring for them throughout the process. In each, be it an outpatient facility, hospital, or clinic, appropriate treatments should b e administered and proper documentation followed. Validation and Literature Review A complete and thorough review of current literature regarding surgical prophylaxis was performed using Google Scholar for literature review, PubMed, and text sources. Search target parameters included 'surgical prophylaxis error', 'nursing surgery error', 'pre-surgical antibiotics' and 'surgical infection'. After a thorough review,

The connectionist model theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The connectionist model theory - Essay Example In Experiment 2, the prime–target pairs had different main verbs. Facilitated target sentence processing was observed in both Experiments 1 and 2 when the target sentences were preceded by a prime sentence with the same syntactic structure. These results provide the first evidence of lexically independent, between-sentence structural priming in online sentence comprehension. Abstract: Strong evidence suggests that prior syntactic context affects language production (e.g., J. K. Bock, 1986). The authors report 4 experiments that used an expression–picture matching task to investigate whether it also affects ambiguity resolution in comprehension. All experiments examined the interpretation of prepositional phrases that were ambiguous between high and low attachment. After reading a prime expression with a high-attached interpretation, participants tended to interpret an ambiguous prepositional phrase in a target expression as highly attached if it contained the same verb as the prime (Experiment 1), but not if it contained a different verb (Experiment 2). They also tended to adopt the high-attached interpretation after producing a prime with the high-attached interpretation that included the same verb (Experiment 3). Finally, they were faster to adopt a high-attached interpretation after reading an expression containing the same verb that was disambiguated to the high-attached versus the low-attached interpretation (Experiment 4). Attachment during Comprehension.† Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition. 2005. Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 468-481. 16 February 2011

Food management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food management system - Essay Example allergens are amino-acids in chemical compositions; they can be present in food in large concentration and yet escape detection during food processing process (Guidance on Allergen Management and Consumer Information, 2010). These allergic reactions are accompanied by extensive release of chemicals in the body that create an auto-immune cascade in the immune system on ingestion. There are certain identified food products that are prone to allergic contamination especially the fish, celery, cereals and other egg and mustard containing food items (Fish Allergy - What You Need to Know, 2014). However, these products need to be labelled according to current allergen labelling legislation in order to protect consumers from unsuitable immune reactions. The allergen management is essential in safe-guarding consumers from adverse reactions of allergy and involves the handling of instruments, utensils, and packaging the food products. This process is vital for identifying food allergens and the consequences of their intake by sensitive individuals. The management takes care of avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation and processing by major food allergens (Allergen management and Labelling for pre-packed foods, 2014). This food management process is comprise of managing waste, cleaning procedures, and managing people movements to canteen and other visitors. The manufacturing process also requires the system of observing people movements as it can transmit allergens on their clothing or hands. Moreover, the handling activities of raw materials during harvesting and transport can transmit allergens and requires clear specifications of their suppliers. Further, the ingredients of the dish, as in this case is fish, ham and chicken pie with mustard, celery, white wine and cheese, are need to check of potential for allergy as certain proteins in fish and amylase in mustard can trigger immune reactions on intake (Fish Allergy - What You Need to Know, 2014). The

Stained Glass Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stained Glass - Research Paper Example However, it was during the Middle Ages or Medieval Period from 500 AD to 1450 AD, that the art of creating stained glass was developed in Europe. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this research paper is to investigate stained glass, its background, Medieval stained glass, the process of creating the art pieces, developments, later stained glass, and the significance of the art in the modern world. The beauty of stained glass is magical, even before it is cut and pieced together into a project. Stained glass falls into two general categories: cathedral and opalescent or opals. Cathedral glass includes all clear and transparent colored glass. Contrastingly, opalescent glass is developed from a material that crystallizes the glass during the cooling process. This results in glass â€Å"with varying degrees of oqaqueness that refletcts light rather than transmitting it† (Stevenson 8). The term stained glass is considered to be a misnomer, since staining is only one of the techniques of coloring used, and the best medieval glass did not employ this method. In ancient times, Muslim designers in East Asia fitted small pieces of colored glass into intricate window traceries or lacy openwork, made of stone, wood, or plaster. This type of window mosaic continues to be used. In the windows of Christian churches, colored glass was used as early as the 5th century, and pictorial glass as early as the 10th century (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2009). In stained glass, color has been associated with emotions, through history. After entering a church, the meditative feeling that an individual gets is partly due to the interior lighting. It is believed that the rich reds and brilliant yellows traditionally used in stained glass evoked certain emotions in the viewers. Further, since many people were illiterate, books were not read to a great extent. Thus, they also

Aspects of a particular culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aspects of a particular culture - Research Paper Example This paper will focus on just two aspects of Indian culture, namely religion and marriage. More than 80% of Indians would regard themselves as adherents of the Hindu religion, while some 12% are Muslim and there are small minorities of Christian, Sikh and other religions each numbering between 2 and 3%. These numbers may appear small, but when one considers that the population of India is over 1.15 billion people, it is clear that they also are significant in size. The focus here will be the Hindu majority, though it should be remembered that the other religions also have their place in Indian society. One of the first things that strike a visitor to India is the pervasive influence of the caste system. Fuller (1992, p.3) points out that the Indian form of greeting is a symbolic act which reflects this main tenet of the Hindu world view. The hands are placed together, fingers pointing upwards, and the head is bowed, while the person says â€Å"namaste† which is the word for this gesture of respect. There are more elaborate forms, such as bowing low, or even lying prostrated on the ground, and more cursory forms, such as a mere flick of the head and hand. People use this gesture to greet people, and also to show respect to the many gods and goddesses that abound in their temples across the land. What this gesture reveals is that the Hindu religion is based upon a hierarchical inequality. Unlike a European handshake, the Hindu greeting expresses a fundamental asymmetry of rank in which both parties are aware of their own and the other’s place. So, for example, a wife s hows this respect to her husband, and so does a child to his or her parents, and an employee to his or her employer. This hierarchical structure is evident all across the society, and whole groups, or castes of people are classified with a particular position above and below other castes. A second

Capital Budget Model Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capital Budget Model - Term Paper Example Financial modeling as explained above is the task of creating a representation of a real financial situation in the world. It consists of the process of forecasting the performance of a financial portfolio or asset of a business through the use of a mathematical or scientific model in order to provide management of a business with adequate information to make informed decisions on the types of portfolio and assets to finance in the future. To understand more about financial models, it is important to critically review them and understand why they are important in today’s financial world. Let us begin with a critical review of financial models. Financial modeling consists of the process of forecasting the performance of organizations and assets, through the use of relationships among a number of variables. This provides the management of an organization with insight into the short-term and long-term environment of business in order summarize specific events to provide direction concerning possible alternatives or actions management can take to achieve set goals and objectives. Financial models can be created in numerous ways, either by the use of a pen and a paper, or computer software. What is most significant, however, is not the type of user interface that is used, but the fundamental logic that incorporates the model. For example, a model can summarize the returns of an investment, such as Sortino Ratio, or it may assist approximate the direction of the market, such as Fed Model.

The Signalman Essay Example for Free

The Signalman Essay There is an immediate sense of the unknown. The first line in the story is Halloa, below there! . This opens the story with a sense of mystery. There are two people unknown to each other, one high, and the other below. The narrator is seen as the being in the presence of light and the signalman is in the dark. This is an extreme contrast to suggesting there is a sense of difference between the two characters. The description of the railway cutting is extremely dark. His past was in a solitary and dismal place as I ever saw. On either side a dripping wet wall of jagged stone, excluding all view but a strip of sky. The description describes a very depressing place, almost reminding the reader of Hell, or something equivalent. This gives the reader the feeling of a bad place, which builds up tension, suspense, and suspicion, as to what will happen in this horrible cutting. We are also given a vivid description of the Signalmans character. As the story continues, we see the Signalmans character develop into a professional man. We find out he is a very educated man, but ran wild at university, thus being expelled. A student of natural philosophy, and attended lectures, but had run wild, misused his opportunities, gone down and never risen again. We also find out he has other qualities, which are being reliable and dutiful. We see this when he stops in mid-sentence in order to carry out his duties on the line. I observed him to be remarkably exact and vigilant, breaking of his discourse at a syllable, and remaining until what he had to do was done This leads us to believe the Narrator became impressed and interested by the Signalman. Through the Signalmans haunting we can also see other sides of him. We see he has a lot of fear, of the haunting. We can especially see this in his language in following his long conversation with the visitor, What is the danger? Where is the danger? . These short sharp sentences show the fear in the signalman. We could also see this when the traveller introduces himself, as this is where we get the first hints of the Signalmans instability and fear. He believes he has seen the traveller before and when asked where He pointed to the red light he had looked at, there. We know the Signalman is showing fear at this point as he speaks in a low voice. The language used by Dickens is suitably old fashioned, which suits it as nowadays the most popular ghost stories were written in the 19th century, Though in a subordinate position, still he held a most important trust, and would I like to stake my own life on the chances of his continuing to execute it with precision? As you can see, the style of writing is quite complicated and written in the familiar old fashioned Victorian style. Dickens use of adjectives to create a menacing and supernatural atmosphere is typical of ghost stories. The cutting which is overshadowed by trees leaving little light to shine through is described as a dungeon suggesting a claustrophobic and imprisoned atmosphere which is typical of a ghost story. Rarely are ghost stories set in wide sprawling open spaces and this is no exception. Dickens describes the tunnel as having a gloomy entrance and the actual tunnel itself being black and the signal box as dismal. But he then goes onto describe the mouth of the tunnel as described as having a barbarous, depressing and forbidding air and then the narrator feels as though he had left the natural world like he had entered hell. Kasim Hassan Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

A Study On Promotional Strategies Of Kent Water Marketing Essay

A Study On Promotional Strategies Of Kent Water Marketing Essay The Sales promotion strategy of KENT WATER PURIFIERS is not the mark in the industry, to know the unique system to do effective sales compared to other players. So the comprehensive statement of the problem can be stated as a study on sales promotion strategy of an Organization in Bangalore 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To know the promotional strategies of KENT WATER PURIFIERS. To understand measure the impact of advertising in the market. To measure the effectiveness of promotional activities for a particular product class and corporate advertising. To understand and measure the affect of promotional strategies in brand-building, brand re-call and finally the choice of a plan while buying it. To understand the attitudes and perception of respondents towards the brand image of the insurance products. To know the present consumer trend prevailing in the market. To study respondents brand awareness towards insurance products. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW DEFINITION OF MARKETING : P.Kotler defines Marketing As the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. The essence of marketing is exchange of products and the transaction is to satisfy human needs and wants. MARKETING MIX : It is the set of controllable marketing variables at the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The variables can be collected into four groups known as 4 Ps. These 4 Ps are : Product Mix Price Mix Sales Mix Promotion Mix IMPORTANCE OF MARKETING Marketing is recognized as the most significant activity in our society. A wide range of marketing activities continuously affects our life styles. Marketing can put goods and services we want and need at our doorsteps. Marketing as achieved the social importance because it is entrusted with the task of creation and delivery of standard of living to society. Marketing is the vital connecting link between producers and consumers. Marketing is directing responsible to maintain the equilibrium between mask productions and mask consumption. Marketing system place the unique role in transforming the benefits of mass production in terms of rising living standards and life style of all people through the best system of physical distribution. MARKETING FUNCTIONS The manufacturer and all middle man in the machinery of distribution perform marketing functions. Some of the important marketing functions are: SELLING BUYING STANDARDISATION AND GRADING FINANCING SALES PROMOTION MEANING: Sales promotion is another importance component of marketing communication mix. It is essential a direct and immediate inducement. It adds the extra value to the product and hence promotes the dealer / customer to buy the product. In specific sales, sales promotion includes those sales activities that supplement both personal selling and advertising, and co-ordinate them and make them effective, such as display, shows, and other non-recurrent selling effort not in the ordinary routine. DEFINTION: Sales promotion includes incentive- offering and interest-creating activities which are generally short-term marketing events other than advertising, personal selling, publicity and direct marketing. The purpose of sales promotion is to stimulate, motivate and influence the purchase and other desired behavioral responses of the firms customers MEASURES, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE TRADE FAIRS AND EXHIBITIONS: Trade fair and exhibitions are extensively used sales promotion tools. They also form one of the oldest practices in sales promotion. They provide companies with the opportunity of introducing and displaying their products. This brings the companies products and the consumers in direct contacts with each other. Seeing believes is the underlying concept here. Incase of high cost industrial products, trade fairs have become a handy and effective sales promotion tools. This is a especially so in international marketing. Orders and inquiries worth billions get generated at international trade fairs. COUPONS: Coupons are certificates which offer price reductions to consumers for specified items. Coupons are distributed through newspapers and magazine advertisement, or through the package of the merchandise, or by direct mail. Firstly, they enthuse the consumers to exploit the bargain. Secondly, they served as an inducement to that trade for stocking the items. They are useful for introducing a new product as well as strengthening the sale of an existing product. EXCHANGE SCHEMES: In the consumer durables market, this has become the latest sales promotion tools. Customer can surrender their old models and take home new models. SALES PROMOTION ON INTERNET: On advertising management, we saw that the internet is emerging as the new advertising medium. For sales promotions too, people are turning to internet. Marketers run promotion on specific sides that attract audience who are interested in promotions and contests. 4.INSTITUTE KENT Mineral RO Water purifiers. 4th Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 011. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: The sampling methods will be adopted here is convenience sampling method. In this method, the easiest method population members are selected from different segment to obtain information. 5. MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS QUESTIONNAIRE The questionnaire included both open and close ended questions and also multiple choice answers to be chosen by the respondents. The questionnaire will be filled by the customers of KENT WATER PURIFIERS giving their opinion without any promoting on my part. 6. PRIMARY DATA Primary data will be collected through questionnaire and direct communication with customers and official staffs of KENT WATER PURIFIERS. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 respondents will be selected according to convenience. 7. REFERENCE JOURNALS: BUSINESS STANDARD BUSINESS WORLD

college essay type b :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the many ages that the world has partaken, several cultures have been contrived among the almost seemingly abundant human race. Due to this extravagant collage amongst the world as a whole, many different views of the world have been created. Things such as race, religion, ethnicity, language, and personality as well are all things that contribute to the division of individual philosophy and belief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If there is a place here on earth that signifies, or emphasizes, the collage of culture, then a college would have to be it. People of several various dissimilarities will eventually have to communicate with one or another on a day to day basis for educational matters. These students have lived completely different cultural, economic, and academic lives as well as having physical dissimilarities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though growth of the state of mind may be a result of time spent in college amongst the culture of the world, the way a person has lived their life may also be a contributing factor in individual philosophy as well. There are many people in today’s society that have significant setbacks amongst their lives that cause them to stop and think about what life is really about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A potential classmate that I believe I could learn a significant amount from either within or outside a formal classroom would definitely have to be someone of moral Islamic background. I believe that it would be an exquisite adventure to extend my philosophy with that of an Islam. As you can see, I’m not too worried about the problems associated with terrorism or Al-Qaeda, so therefore I can easily blend with someone of that nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President George Bush made a decision to imbuke war on Iraq with only the best intentions of ending terrorism among the United States of America, not with the anger and lust for revenge that the majority of Americans seemed to react with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back on subject, both Baptist and Islam have their similarities as well as their differences. I would mostly like to learn about what an Iraqi ethnicity must venture through in their life rather than their extravagant religion.

Database design process Essay -- essays research papers

Abstract Database Systems has a practical, hands-on approach that makes it uniquely suited to providing a strong foundation in good database design practice. Database design is more art than science. While it's true that a properly designed database should follow the normal forms and the relational model, you still have to come up with a design that reflects the business you are trying to model. This paper shows describes design process of database project. The importance of Completing the Design Process An important point to keep in mind is that the level of structural integrity and data integrity is in direct proportion to how thoroughly the design process is followed. The less time spent on the design process, the greater the risk of encountering problems with the database. While thoroughly following the database design process may not eliminate all of the problems you may encounter when designing a database, it will greatly help to minimize them. Also in an RDBMS software program a well-designed database is easier to implement than a poorly designed database. (Michael J. Hernandez, 1996) Key database Design Concepts Before a design effort can proceed full speed ahead, the designer must first take time to understand the business. Understanding the business involves understanding the entities, data, and rules within an organization, and then converting these attributes of the business into a business model. Then, the designer must have a solid comprehension of the proposed database model. Finally, the designer will convert the business model into a database model, using a design methodology, whether automated or a manual process. (Ryan Stephens & Ronald Plew, 2002) General Design Process Following table list general steps of database design Step Description 1 Requirements collection and analysis 2 Conceptual database design 3 Choice of a DBMS 4 Data model mapping (also called logical database design) 5 Physical database design 6 Database system implementation (Elmasri, Ramez, & Navathe, Shamkant B., 1994) Creating the application is the last step ¡Ã‚ ªnot the first! Many developers take an idea for an application, bu... ... levels of normalization, but the primary levels are the first, second, and third normal forms. Each level has a rule or two that must be followed. Following all of the rules will help ensure that your database is well organized and flexible. To take an idea from inception through to fruition, you should follow a design process. This process essentially says "think before you act." Discuss rules, requirements, and objectives, and then create the final version of your normalized tables. Reference 1. Elmasri, Ramez, & Navathe, Shamkant B., Fundamentals of Database Systems, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994, ISBN 0-8053-1748-1, pages 450-452.), retrieved from website http://www.ibiblio.org/faint/finosaur/db/ , Feb 06, 2005 2. Michael J. Hernandez, Database Design For Mere Mortals, Chapter 4, 1996, retrieved from UOP resource safari Tech Books Online website, Feb 06,2005 3. Ryan Stephens & Ronald Plew, Key database design concepts, 2002, retrieved from website http://searchdatabase.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid13_gci812028,00.html, Feb 06, 2005

General Muhammed Zia-ul-haq - Pakistan History :: essays research papers

Q. Discuss in detail the Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq as the president of Pakistan. A. Islamization Programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq: - Background: - General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed Martial Law in 1977 and assumed the office of the President of the country. The then government had to issue several martial law regulations to effectively control the aggravating situation in the country. There is one strong opinion which has effectively prevailed over the years and that is hat the process of Islamization, in fact, began the day the Qadianis were declared as non-Muslims on their negation of the finality of Prophethood in 1974. The opinion seems to carry some weight as the action of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, declaring the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was understood as a step to have been taken for the safeguard of the basic tenents of Islam. However, it was the martial law regime under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which took practical steps for the process of Islamization. The Islamization Programme: - The Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq contained the following steps. 1. Hadood Ordinance. 2. Qazaf Ordinance. 3. Nizaam-e-Salaat Committees. 4. Zakat Ordinance. 5. Ushr Ordinance. (a). Central Zakat Council. (b). Provincial Zakat Council. (c). District Zakat Committee. (d). Tehsil Zakat Committee. 6. Establishment of Federal Shariat Court. 7. Interest Free Banking. 8. Compulsory teaching of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat. 9. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramzan-ul-Mubarak. 10. Ban of Nudity. 11. Arabic News. 12. Use of Dopatta. 13.Majlis-e-Shoora. in contravention to this Ordinance was liable to three yeas imprisonment and a fine of RS. 500/-. However, hospitals, railway stations, seaports, bus stands, trains and airports were exempted from this Ordinance. The Government in order to make Pakistan a real Islamic State strived hard to introduce Islamic System in the country. The Government for this reason needed staunch support and cooperation from the masses. Pakistan at that time was passing through the transitory stage towards the ultimate goal of achieving an Islamic society. A very long span was required to mould Pakistan into an Islamic State. 10. Ban of Nudity: - The Government imposed a strict ban on the display of nude posters particularly on portraying women as publicity symbols. Display of nude scenes and moving films with nudity were also banned ob the television. 11. Arabic News: - Everyday, five minutes were reserved for Arabic news on the television.

Discuss the drawback of the jury system as it is implemented in the UK

Introduction A jury in the UK generally consists of 12 randomly selected lay people that have been sworn conduct an impartial verdict as to whether a defendant is guilty or not guilty in a criminal trial. The objective of the jury system is to provide a just and fair outcome that could not otherwise be achieved by judges alone (Lesser, 2010: 12). It is believed that if judges acted alone, the decision would be a prejudicial, which would create unfairness. The human rights of the individual concerned would also be violated (Human Rights Act 1998, giving effect to the European Convention on Human Rights 1951). The most import concept of having a juror give a verdict is that juries may acquit a defendant in situations where a guilty verdict is demanded by the law (Elliott and Quinn, 2010: 233). An example of this can be seen in the case of R v Wang [2005] UKHL 9 where it was made clear by the House of Lords that a judge can never instruct a jury to convict a defendant. The jury system is therefore c onsidered an important part of the confidence society has in the criminal justice system. The Juries Act 1974 is the main governing legislation that regulates the jury system by signifying what persons are eligible for jury service as well as making provision for the right to challenge jurors. The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 is also capable of restricting the role of the jury by imposing further limitations on the eligibility criteria and by allowing trial by judge alone in certain circumstances. Whether these limitations are necessary is arguable, but it has been said that the jury is an outmoded institution that needs to be reformed. In light of this, the drawbacks to the jury system in the UK will be discussed in this study. Trial by Jury The jury system in the UK is highly controversial because on the one hand, juries are considered to provide important protection for citizens (Gastil et al; 2002: 585), whilst on the other they are considered to be costly, time consuming and unable to deal effectively with complex cases (Gastil and Weiser, 2006: 6). In addition, it has also been said that the jury system in the UK is outmoded and ineffective and that it should be abolished (Baksi, 2014: 1). Essentially, because juries are not being used as frequently as they once were, it is questionable whether they are in fact still needed (Zander, 2007: 157). In the majority of instances, a jury is not needed as a defendant will have submitted a guilty plea, yet in those instances where a not guilty plea has been entered, it has been said that juries are essential in ensuring that a fair trial is provided to the defendant under Article 6 of the ECHR and in the interests of justice. This was recognised by Thomas and Balmer when it was pointed out that; â€Å"there is an ancient right for an accused to be tried only by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land and even though there is no modern constitutional right to trial by jury in England and Wales, governments have found the public extremely unwilling to sanction further restrictions to jury trials† (2007: 1). This highlights the significance of jury trials and whilst there are many drawbacks, it is widely accepted that juries help to maintain justice. Conversely, it is believed by some that jury trials should be eradicated on the basis that they are largely ineffective on the basis that judges have a strong influence over the outcome of the trial (Stone and Dennis, 2003: 2). This was identified by Sanders and Young when it was evidenced that even though it is left to the jury to decide, beyond reasonable doubt, whether or not a defendant is guilty, â€Å"judges often exert a strong influence on the outcome and are far from being the passive impartial referee as depicted in adversarial theory†(2006; 496). Because of the influence judges exert over juries, it seems as though the jury system is a waste of time and expense. Furthermore, because juries do not have to give a reason for their decision, it is difficult to tell whether a just decision has been provided anyway as the decision may not be based upon their own findings and may instead be based on the judges influence. In view of this, the Auld Report found that; â€Å"many contributors have suggested that the system may not, as a matter of English law, withstand a challenge, that the unreasoned jury verdict violates article 6.† It is questionable whether this does violate article 6, ye t it was made clear in Condron v UK (2000) 31 EHRR 1 that it is not. Therefore, even though jurors do not have to provide a reason for decisions reached, it is said that a fair trial is still being provided. This does not seem fair, since a violation of Article 6 would be found if a judge failed to provide a reason, yet this is not the case for jurors. As stressed by Doran; â€Å"trial by jury occupies a pivotal yet paradoxical position at the centre of the English criminal justice system† (2002; 379). Arguably, it is clear from this that many do actually favour jury trials and are of the view that an effective justice system is being attained. However, because jury trials are not used in serious and complex fraud trials, it is arguable whether jurors are well equipped to deal with all other trials. The inability of jurors to deal with such cases was introduced by the CJA 2003 and emerged from the Jubilee Line Jurors [2007] Crim LR 255 case. Here. jurors suffered serious personal difficulties because of the complexity of the issues at hand (Lloyd-Bostock: 2007: 1). In cases such as this, it is more desirable for a judge-only trial to be conducted, yet it could be said that this should apply to all trials and not just those that have a complex nature. Moreover, the fact that trial by jury has been abandoned in other jurisdictions seems to demonstrate that the jury service is unworkable and ineffective. This has exemplified by Laville (2010: 1) who put forward that; â€Å"in the last 400 years, trials without juries have taken place in Northern Ireland, where the Diplock courts were set up to provide justice in the intimidat ing atmosphere of the Troubles.† Consequently, it could be said that Northern Ireland are aware of the difficulties and uncertainties of jury trials and have therefore made the decision to abandoning them. Juries were also discarded in Germany on the 4th January 1924 when it became apparent that injustice frequently occurred as a result of jury trials. This was identified by Herzog when it was noted that; â€Å"since 1924 jury trials have been abolished in Germany and there are no signs of a renaissance of lay participation and jury trial in the German criminal justice system† (2012: 1). It is arguable whether this demonstrates the ineffectiveness of jury systems but it is evident that the Germans do not agree with them. Jury trials were also abandoned in India following the case of K.M. Nanavati v State of Maharashtra [1962] Suppl 1 SCR 567 where it became clear that juror’s decisions were capable of being influenced by the media and the public. As put by Debroy; â€Å"the Nanavati case was responsible for abolition of jury trials in India and it was the last trial by jury† (2009: 1). It was also identified by Debroy that there is a correlation in India between the abolishment of jury trials and the prolonging of cases (2009: 2). In view of this, it cannot be said that jury trials should be completely abolished in the UK as cases may actually be prolonged as a result and there are various safeguards that have been implemented so as to ensure juries are not being influenced by the media and the public (Rackstraw, 2008: 726). Therefore, whilst jury systems do create difficulties, it cannot be said that they should be completely discarded as a result as they are still considered a vital p art of the justice system. Furthermore, if jury trials were abolished it is likely that this would result in prolonged trials as is the case in India. Furthermore, judges would also be capable of producing prejudicial decisions, which would ultimately contravene Article 6 of the ECHR which provides for a defendants rights to a fair trial. In a study that was conducted by Sturcke, it was found that; two in three jurors did not fully understand the legal directions and that more than one in 10 jurors carried out their own investigations online about a case (2010: 1). This study was based on 69,000 cases over a two-year period, which highlights the injustices that can actually be caused by a jury trial. This seems to provide a strong argument as to why jury trials should be abolished, however problems will still be caused by judge alone trials. In effect, it appears as though there ought to be a balance so that juries do remain, yet where cases are likely to be prejudiced a judge alone trial should be conducted. Essentially, this is what seems to be happening at present as jury trials are being discarded in serious and complex fraud cases, yet whether this scope should be broadened to allow for their elimination in other cases is likely. This will ensure that juries are maintained, on the one hand, whilst also enabling them to be discarded in cases which would be difficult for them to cope with. Whether this means that there will be an effective jury system in place, is however arguable. Conclusion Overall, there are many underlying difficulties which emerge from a trial by jury, yet it cannot be said that they should be completely eradicated. This is because judge alone trials will also have many drawbacks, which demonstrates the need for the jury system to be maintained. In order to prevent unfair outcomes from being produced, it is therefore necessary that a balance is attained which could be achieved by removing juries from serious and complex cases and those which would have a damaging effect on their ability to cope. Referencing Baksi, C., (2014) ‘Bias has ‘significant’ effect on verdicts, jury research says’ The Law Society Gazette, Available [Online] at: http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice/bias-has-significant-effect-on-verdicts-jury-research-says/5039295.article [23 April, 2014]. Debroy, B. Nanavati and Jury Trials, Law Resource India, (2009), Available [Online] at: http://indialawyers.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/nanavati-and-jury-trials/ [23 April, 2014]. Doran, S; McConville, M. and Wilson, G. The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process, OUP Oxford, 1st Edition, (2002), p. 379. Elliott, C. and Quinn, F. (2010) English Legal System, Longman, 11th Edition. Gastil, J., and Weiser, P., (2006) ‘Jury Service as an Invitation to Citizenship: Accessing the Civic Value of Institutionalised Deliberation’ Legal Studies Research Paper, 06-32. Gastil, J., Deess, E., and Weiser, P., (2002) ‘Civic Awakening in the Jury Room: A Test of the Connection between Jury Deliberation and Political Participation’ Journal of Politics, Volume 64, No. 2, 585-595. Herzog, F. Philosophical and Social View of the Jury: Could it Have a Renaissance in Germany(2012) Available [Online] at: www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=RIDP_721_0553 [23 April, 2014]. Laville, S. Heathrow Robbery Trial Breaks with 400 Year Tradition of Trial by Jury, The Guardian, (10 January, 2010), Available [Online] at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jan/10/heathrow-robbery-trial-jury-twomey [23 April, 2014]. Lesser, M. A. (2010) The Historical Development of the Jury System, Kessinger Publishing: London. Lloyd-Bostock, S. The Jubilee Line Jurors: does their experience strengthen the argument for judge-only trial in long and complex fraud casesCriminal Law Review, Crim L.R. 255, (2007). Rackstraw, M., (2008) ‘In the Balance’ New Law Journal, Volume 158, Issue 7322. Sanders, A. and Young, R. Criminal Justice, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition, (2006). Stone, J., and Dennis, R., (2003) ‘Race and Ethnicity’ Comparative and Theoretical Approaches, 1-7. Sturke, J. Jurors ‘struggle’ to understand judges, study finds, The Guardian, (17 February, 2010), Available [Online] at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/feb/17/jurors-judges-legal-advice-report [23 April, 2014]. The Auld Report, Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales, Chapter 5, Juries, Available [Online] at: http://www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/ccr-05.htm [23 April, 2014]. Thomas, C. and Balmer, N. Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System, The Ministry of Justice Research Series 2/07, (June, 2007), Available [Online] at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/JuriesReport2-07-webVersion.pdf [23 April, 2014]. Zander, M., (2007) ‘a Touch of Bias’ New Law Journal, Volume 157, Issue 7295. Cases Condron v UK (2000) 31 EHRR 1 Jubilee Line K.M. Nanavati v State of Maharashtra 1959

Online Games Effects

INTRODUCTION As years passed by, new generations starter to grow. Our world right now is different than before. At this time, modern technologies are patronized by people specially students because of its advantages. Without looking on the other side, these innovations can also cause and bad effects. Because of technology, new thing were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest thing ever invented by man itself. Some researcher wants to know the effects of playing online games on the academic performances of the students.The reason why the researcher have chosen this particular research topic was know the advantages of playing computer games on the academic performances of the selected high school students. Online games can have bad effects on people’s life specially the learners. Online game addiction has become popular in society which seriously influences children both physically and mentally. S tudents can spend most of their time sitting by the computer, playing games, being hooked up in playing from early morning until midnight without eating anything.This leads to the lack of physical activities among the students which makes them less active and getting low grades from school. They ignore everything around them, talking no one and have no interaction with the outside world. They even tell lies to their parents like going outside without permission, which becomes a bad habit that needs to be prevented. (James Brown) When the internet was first created programmers from all over the world, created different games that could be play over the internet. Internet games (also known as online games) are games that are played online via the internet.They are distinct from video and computer games in that they are normally platform independent relying solely on client side technology (normally called (‘plug-ins’). Normally all that Is required to play internet games are a web browser and the appropriate plug in (normally available for free via plug-in makers website). Development in technology brings many things that people don’t have many years back. One of these things is online gaming that is provided by the internet. According to Wikipedia, Online game is a video games played over some form of computer network, using a personal computer, video game console or hand held game onsole. This network is usually the internet or equivalent technology, but games have always used whatever technology was current: modems before the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems. The expansion of online of online gaming has reflected the overall expansion of computer networks from small local networks to the Internet and the growth of Internet access itself. Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players simultaneously.Many online games have associated onl ine communities, making online games a form of social activity beyond single player games. Online gaming one of the widely used leisure activities by many people including students. Students who are playing these online games said that they are playing these games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there are a lot of effects of playing these games that are more that what they think. Playing online games, according to some research is beneficial.It enables the mind of the players to be more active especially those puzzle-based games. It helps the player to come up with decisions in tight situation, especially those adventure games that keep the players to be alert, active and strategic. An online game affects the management of the students. Students with addiction to it give more time on online gaming that studying. For the minors, it can affect their behavior. They might imitate that characters on the games which can make them think of violent actions. Because sometimes character on online game are violent. Chapter I Background a) GLOBALAccording to the latest research from Japan, prolonged periods playing with game consoles can lead to decreased brain activity and cause users to suffer form severe emotional and behavioral problems. The study, conducted at Tokyo’s Nihon University, has revealed that people who spend long periods playing video games demonstrate less activity in the prefrontal region of their brain which governs emotion and creativity that their peers. Researchers claim that side effects can include loss of concentrations, an inability to control temper and problems socializing or associating with others.Some of the physical effects of online games are â€Å"Social isolation†, players often play alone and the games have little real-world application. They may spend less time in other activities such as sports, reading, interacting with family, or doing homework. Increased aggressive behavior, despite the limitation of the studies, most experts agree on the basic link between games and increased aggression. Desensitization to gender issues, women are often portrayed as weak, ineffective, or having exaggerated chests.Rewarding violent behavior, in violent online games, the winners are usually the ones who have more violent options at their command, and use them. † Some students are more prone to flashes of light when they occur at certain frequencies† says Walsh, a scientist. Recent data from UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute provides useful information about online game usage on high school campuses. The data show that most high school students have played video games, many played online games, many play them regularly, and a small percentage use them as a primary means of entertainment and leisure.In the 2009 Freshmen Survey, around 1% of respondents admitted to playing over 20 hours of online games per week. Over 35% of the respondents stated that they play at least one hour per week. The trend toward increased online game and other interactive digital media usage does not appear to be going away. The upcoming high school students are even more likely to be tightly tried to their technology than students are today. The current generation is exceedingly comfortable with technology and electronic entertainment.One study noted that the average American youngster now spend one-third of each day with some form of electronic media. (Escobar-Chaves and Anderson, 2008) Some studies have yielded no significant online game effects, just as some smoking studies failed to find a significant link to lung cancer. But when one combines all relevant empirical studies using meta-analytic techniques, five separate effects emerge with considerable consistency. Violent online games are significantly associated with: increased aggressive behavior, thoughts and affect: increased physiological arousal; and decreased prosocial behavior. Anders on, 2003, Myths and Facts, para. 1) In another study which considers available research on media violence, several relevant conclusions were reached (Anderson, et al. , 2003). It was found that there are â€Å"sufficient studies with sufficient consistency† to back up several important finding (Anderson, et al. , 2003, p. 93). Online games violence is linked to aggression in the short term. Cross-sectional studies have been able to how a correlation between long term exposures to online games violence and real world violence.A few longitudinal studies are also able to suggest that online game exposure has long term effects on aggression. It should be noted that Craig Anderson, on of the author of this study has been criticized for overstating the data on online games and its link to aggression and violent behavior. (Block and Crain, 2007) b) NATIONAL Online game it has an effect t on the students here in the Philippines as well as their lifestyle, job, health and school perfo rmance. One of the online games here in Philippines that students are really addicted with it, is World of Warcraft also known as DOTA.Playing this game also triggers the player to lose his/her temper and values, it is because of the different languages used during the game or what we called â€Å"trash talks†. Trash talks such as foul languages can really lose their temper and values. As a result, the both sides will fight against each other. Online game is an outlet for the player to be who they really are inside unlike in the real world; we are expected to act a certain way or do thing a certain way. In online game, a player can be anything and everything they’ve ever imagine or believed.This can be extremely harmful because players have said they forget about what’s going on around them or dealing with real life situation or problems. When gamer starts to play the online game more often and longer, it can have some lasting effects on their life. Students hav e reported relationships failures to their parents and low school performance due to their online game addiction. Some of them have become addicted, they’ve actually lost their concentration in their studies and resulting into school life failures and worst of all they always have final grades which are so badly and cause for them to retain.Long term online game addiction can have lasting bad effects on the gamer’s health. Gamers become depressed because the virtual world and genuine line between real world and virtual world. They tend not to ask out for help because their ashamed. They are hesitating that the game has so ashamed their life is out of their control due to an online games. Aside from addiction, gambling is also one of the results of online games to the students here in the Philippines. The country’s President Ninoy Aquino said that â€Å"Online games is another source of gambling here in our country†.Aquino sited a particular place where ga mbling in online games is rampant. â€Å"Parents should watch out for their children because most common participants in internet gambling are student form High Secondary have and College even Elementary pupils (â€Å"Television†, 2012) It can very difficult for someone, who had not playing an online game, to understand how someone becomes addicted. Addicted gamers change their way of thinking about reality. Everything in the real world starts to look fake but the game becomes reality. Addicted gamers sometimes lose everything and have to begin their lives over in a sense.They have to start getting back the basics and work back into life. For some with help that thinking can go back to normal. While others need a lot more help. There is online gamers anonymous which is a 12 step self help group. They have a 24 hours meeting place online in a forum setup. In some communities, there’s place a gamer can go to work through and addiction. As in any situation where new tech nology is introduced, the social impact of the Internet is being looked at. One social problem that has been observed is that the Internet cafe has become mainly game centers.About one-half to two-thirds of the computers in a typical Internet cafe, according to one study, are devoted to games (violent and gory games). The use of the remaining computers was roughly split between browsing, email, online chat, word processing and research. The Internet cafes have become not just game centers. They are becoming centers off addiction among the youth, mostly boys, including elementary school pupils. According to one concerned Internet cafe entrepreneur, â€Å"Internet cafes are seducing youths to a new form of addiction, one which may not destroy their bodies as drugs do, but which is certainly twisting their minds.To the young play is reality and reality is play. † (Maslog C. , 1998) Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Computer had its own origin in the late 1940s. Originally, computers were considered as machines meant exclusively for doing calculations. The name computer was derived from the word Compute based on the fact that the machine was meant for doing computation. I course of time, computers were being used for a number of wide and varied applications ranging from playing games, downloading application and documents, communicating with remote methods of using computers also took a new direction during the past years.Initially computers were used as single standalone machines kept isolated from other computers. Gradually, computers were interconnected to from computer networks. This networking provides several advantages. Networking allows sharing data as well as resources between the networked computers. Soon the number of networks began to grow. More and more networks were formed in different areas. Later, the various small computer networks located in different places were interconnected to form large networks. Finally, a large network several computer networks, spreading across the world, was formed.This network came to be known as the Internet. Thus, the Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible interconnected computer network that transmits data based on the standard protocols. Due to the large availability of information, the Internet is sometimes referred to as a Information Superhighway. The Internet influences our day-to-day lives indifferent ways. We will see and experience this technology benefits us in different activities. Perhaps this is the only technology that has affected the people irrespective of their location, language or profession.In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Almost all the things around us were made by computers with the aid of modern machines. Form the edited books, design, special effects in the movies and televisions etc. , were all made by computers. In the past few decades, interactive electronic media has grown form virtual non-existence t one of the primary means of entertainment for the learners. In more recent years, the Internet has completely changed the landscape of electronic media from something individual and static into something with potential to be interactive and social.This research examines the effects of increased student usage of traditional video games as well as online games. The demographics of the typical game player will be examined along with effects on the individual development and sociological perceptions. This research will also look at the potential education utility of online games and the effect of games on student engagement and social development. References (Maslog C. (1998) Internet and Social Issues, Philippine Communication Today, Quezon City: New Day Publishers).

Jetstar Airways Essay

Jetstar Airways is an Australia low-cost carrier airline based in Melbourne, Australia. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Qantas Group. Qantas established Jetstar in 2003 as a response to main competitor airline Virgin Australia (formerly known as Virgin Blue). Despite its low cost, Jetstar operates an extensive domestic network and is the world’s largest long-haul low cost carrier. Jetstar operates to destinations in Asia the Pacific Ocean, with future plans of expanding their services throughout Europe. Jetstar currently offers a limited number of connecting services without through baggage checking, and it became the first Australia airline to allow customers to select their seat upon booking. The airline, which participates in the Qantas Frequent Flyer Programme, operates a fleet of Airbus A320-family and A330 aircraft. Mission Statement Jetstar’s mission is to offer all day, every day low fares to enable more people to fly to more places, more often (Jetstar, 2012). Company Objectives  Jetstar is part of the Qantas Group’s two-brand growth strategy, where Qantas competes at the premium and business market and Jetstar focuses on leisure markets. The Jetstar Group is a value based, low fares network of airlines operating in the leisure and value based markets. Jetstar aims to have Australia’s lowest fares on all the routes it operates on. Jetstar has backed its airfares with a Price Beat Guarantee. If any customers find a lower fare elsewhere online, provided it is on the same day, the same route and at a within the same time frame, Jetstar will beat the quoted fare by 10 per cent. Slogan – Low fares, all day, everyday Market Overview Definition of the market Jetstar operates in the low-cost carrier market within Australia. Their target market is the general public, who seeks cheap and accessible airfares and flight availability to travel within Australia. Major competitors include Virgin Australia and Tiger Airways Australia. Market Size Jetstar is currently the third largest domestic Australian airline (by market share) and fifth largest international airline (by capacity share) serving international routes to-and-from Australia (Jetstar, 2011). Jetstar shares its parent’s strong competition with Australia’s biggest low-cost carrier Virgin Australia. Domestic travel accounts for 75% of the airline industry revenue in Australia (Taylor Woodings, 2011) Market Potential The market is currently in the decline stage. From 2007, Australian domestic air travel started with buoyant demand for air travel and high fuel prices boosted ticket prices. However, domestic airlines faced major hurdles when the global economic downturn hit. Higher unemployment and a decline in discretionary income slowed demand for air travel in Australia. In particular, business travellers abandon air travel in favour of teleconferences and e-mail. Demand also weakened as Australians have started to plan travelling internationally. Market Structure The domestic flights market can be considered as an oligopoly. The 3 main companies that have the most market share are Virgin Australia, Jetstar and Tiger Airways Australia. Trends Demographic: Australia is an underpopulated country and is also an ageing. However, over the years the numbers of migrants have been increasing. With the rising number of migrants, there will most likely be an increase in the number of domestic flights demanded since they may want to visit other cities Economic:  Australia currently has the strongest economy in the developed world and it is expected to outperform all comers for at least the next two years, according to the International Monetary Fund (2012). The IMF also forecasts Australia’s unemployment rate to remain low at 5. 2 per cent in both 2012 and 2013. With the Australia having an unemployment rate of only 5. 2%, it can be assumed that people are more likely to have surplus cash and may have plans of flying domestic, whether it be for a holiday or business. Natural: Australia’s changing natural environment has had an impact on the customers, nvestors and Jetstar. Jetstar is committed to minimising its impact on the environment and has introduced various initiatives to address this important issue. On 19 September 2007, Jetstar introduced a passenger Carbon Offset scheme facilitated through the Australian Government’s Greenhouse Friendlyâ„ ¢ initiative. Through the Carbon Offset scheme, Jetstar’s passengers can choose to make their journey carbon neutral by purchasing carbon offsets on all domestic and international services via a seamless single step process at the time of booking at Jetstar. com. Jetstar’s Carbon Offset program is now one of the most successful programs in the Australian airline industry and has raised almost $600,000. About 12 per cent of all passengers booking at Jetstar. com currently choose to offset their share of flight emissions. Jetstar’s Carbon Offset program has proven to be particularly successful on a number of domestic routes, including Sydney-Ballina Byron, which in 2008 has averaged 24 per cent of passengers booking via the web opting to carbon-offset their flight, Melbourne-Ballina Byron (20%), Adelaide-Melbourne Avalon (16%), Melbourne- Hobart (15%) and Sydney-Melbourne Avalon (14%). Our carbon offsets are purchased through Climate Friendly, who has been ranked as the number one carbon offset provider in Australia by the Carbon Offset Watch and is a founding member of the International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA). Technological: Technology plays a vital role in both the airline industry. In order to have a competitive advantage, it is required that the technology used is up to date. Jetstar is equipping its fleet of A320 and A321 aircraft with the latest satellite-linked navigation system to improve safety and on-time performance. Aircraft fitted with the system known as Required Navigation Performance (RNP) can safely navigate around cloud-shrouded mountains, through valleys and over high terrain when low visibility would increase the chance of flight disruptions. Air Services Australia reported those 4,200 minutes of flying time and 17,300 nautical miles was saved during 1,612 RNP assisted approaches. As a result more than 200,000 kg of jet fuel was saved and carbon emissions were reduced by 650,000 kg. The new navigation aid reduces the time spent circling due to bad weather, which helps passengers arrive on time and cuts our fuel use. Political/Legal: Over the years the rising carbon tax in Australia has affected future plans of Jetstar. Maintaining and running an aircraft is bound to produce a lot of carbon dioxide. As a result Jetstar has started to reduce the amount their carbon footprint by introducing new technology.

Mr Alex

Human science fragments everything In order to understand It, kills everything In order to examine It. † (Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace)l There has always existed the question whether human sciences are considered real sciences and if do they really follow the established guidelines of science. The argument is that the natural sciences take a different approach to results and have a strong dependence on the observer. This is due to the fact, that in some cases human sciences have to take into account concepts, which are hard to measure like peppiness or love.Likewise, the background knowledge and empathy of the observer affect the results of the experiment. When talking about human sciences is important to highlight that they don't prove a theory, as there is no 100% certainty in any of the experiments. They only add information to the understanding of a topic or concept. To further develop my argument that states that Human sciences are scientific, the Boob Doll Experiment will b e analyses to develop this claim. The Boob Doll Experiment was presented by Albert Bandeau to help prove his belief hat all human behavior was learned through copying and imitating, rather than through genetic factors.This experiment is still controversial to this day, as many debaters state that today's globalize society that promotes violence. Therefore children are more prone to violent behavior than in other generations. Dry. Albert Bandeau used children on his experiment, as they have less knowledge on rules of society and less prone on behaving as the society think is right. He had four hypotheses; the first one was that children witnessing aggressive behavior by adults loud replicate their actions even if adults were not nearby.The second one states that children who have observed non-aggressive behavior are less likely to be violent. Even less than the control group, who have not even seen an adult. (Role Model) The third one proposes that children are more susceptible to co py the actions of an adult of the same-sex. The last one suggested that male children would be more aggressive than the opposite sex. Ii The Experiment had a simple and clearly stated Dependent Variable and Independent Variable. Also it had a Control Group used as comparison with the other woo groups, the one with aggressive and peaceful adults.Moreover the experiment can be repeated to add up and compare the information; this is a scientific quality that complies with the scientific theory. Another Important aspect to take into account Is that each of the subjects was tested Individually to avoid other Individuals affecting the reactions of the subject. Ill On the other hand, the experiment had some clear flaws. For example It generalizes the results as Just a few children were part of the experiment, so the sample is very narrow and specific.

Decision making tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision making tools - Essay Example 1b) Continue the analysis by the calculation of appropriate measures of location (mean, mode, median) and measures of dispersion (inter-quartile range, standard deviation) with an interpret of the values obtained 2.1 Design a questionnaire to be administered to students to find out about students’ views on the impact of the ban on smoking, which would help the College in framing future policy on smoking within the College (NOTE You will not need to get the questionnaire answered as part of this assignment). Use arrange of question types including open, closed, scale and multiple choice â€Å"Regulation 2(1) provides that the maximum fine on conviction for an offence relating to the display of no-smoking signs is level 3 on the standard scale (currently  £1000). Regulation 2(4) provides that where the fixed penalty procedure is used for an alleged offence relating to the display of no-smoking signs— Regulation 2(2) provides that the maximum fine on conviction for an offence of smoking in a smoke-free place is level 1 on the standard scale (currently  £200). Regulation 2(5) provides that where the fixed penalty procedure is used for an alleged offence of smoking in a smoke-free place— The only perfect way to find out how the Legislation on Smoking would impact the inmates of campus is to get all the people who stay in campus answer the questionnaire. This is not always possible because first of all it is difficult to get all people answer the questions; secondly not all people would answer the questions sincerely. It is quite possible to have a very large sample upon which no sound decision can be based. This occurs because the respondents in the sample are not really similar to the population about which we want to make generalizations. It is better to chose people representative of all streams of society .For example in this case the sample set should proportionately

Relationship Between the Characters in Winter Dreams by F. Scott Essay

Relationship Between the Characters in Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Essay Example Dexter has American dream since he employed his efforts in pursuing the interest of his life. When he met Jones for the first time, he was attracted to her. He did not move, instead he spent a lot of time staring at the beautiful woman. This paper analyzes Dexter relationship with Judy. The relationship between Dexter and Jones seems to be a first sight love relationship (Becnel, 140). When Dexter saw Jones for the first time, he was glued to her. The attraction of Dexter to Jones influenced the choices that Dexter made. He was ready to quit his job because of the beautiful Jones. Dexter told caddy master that he was done with his job. He made this remarks after a strong attraction to Jones. He wanted to spend his life with Jones and would do anything to achieve that ambition. The extent to which he was attracted to Jones shows how true feelings could influence his decisions. Dexter left a low a paying job to seek a means that could help him win the heart of Jones (Fitzgerald 513). D exter’s decision to quit the golf club hanged on the influence of the eleven-year-old Jones who treated him like a junior. Jones undermined Dexter because of the wealth that her family had. The relationship that existed between Dexter and Jones was an intimate relationship. Dexter wanted Jones to be with him. He could not control or hide his feelings towards Jones. It was difficult for Dexter to make any decision that could keep him away from Jones. Dexter had a dream of winning the heart of Jones. He was convinced that wealth could help him win the heart of Jones. On the hand, Jones did not reciprocate Dexter’s love. In intimate relationship, partners need to exercise dialogue. Dialogue held between partners provides a chance for making correction and ironing out relationship differences. Jones did not offer any information that was transparent in their relationship. The relationship between Dexter and Jones portrays a theme of emptiness (Stanley 333). Dexter dream en ded when Devlin gave him news regarding the status of Jones. He took his time to know more about Jones life. Their conversation ends when his American dream of leading his life with Jones ends. The reaction of Dexter indicated the extent of love that he had for Jones. Though Jones had been out of his life for about seven years, he had a deep feeling for her. Life in the story ceases to have meaning because of the shattered dream of Dexter. He does not find any meaning to life since the dream in his entire life is meaningless. Dexter looked at his age and realized that he had spent his life chasing for a dream that could not come true. At the end of Dexter’s discussion with Devlin, Dexter saw the reality in their relationship. He realized that he had banked his hopes where they could not be appreciated. Sometimes a relationship could prove to be sour. When a partner does not reciprocate in a relationship, life in that relationship ceases to have a meaning. Dexter had spent his time acquiring wealth in order to meet the needs of his desired love. He knew that Jones could not accept him without wealth. He ventured into business with an aim of making wealth, which could sustain his life with Jones. Devlin message comes as a shock to the relationship. It shuttered the dream that Dexter had about Jones. It is important to note that Dexter knew that Jones had been married. Ironically, he felt that Jones could still

Education Pendulum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Pendulum - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that education has been going back and forth over years, and this is because we have been trying to improve the education style. The pendulum swing occurs due to the reason that, whenever we are trying to improve education, hence we set some procedures but unfortunately we left the objectives pending. The suspension of the predetermined goals are like rolling the ball up the hill and later living it rolling back before we get the ball at the apex of the hill. This trend of leaving the ball to roll back to the bottom of the hill has been going on in the education system. Hence, the education system has been swing just like the pendulum ball. As the study highlights around 40 years ago, most parts of the world preferred the use of television as a learning tool. Most education movies were introduced; hence everyone was swing from teacher system to television learning system. Television was viewed as means of taking students globally to watch the realistic shows such as; kissing Queen Isabella goodbye. Moreover, the television was more efficient compared to the certified teacher because it was simple to replay what the students had not understood. The television was not emotional as compared to teacher hence it was friendly and fair to students. Educational pendulum exists due to the vicious cycles in the society. The society undergoes long-term cycles. Vicious cycles in the society undergo changes which eventually go back to the initial starting point. Same as the education system cycles exist bringing about the education pendulum.

Write your own topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Write your own topic - Essay Example The basic distinction in views lies in identifying whether poverty is to be measured as a relative or absolute concept. On one side there is an unofficial coalition of government agencies, departments and many private sector organizations who posit their common mandate to be alleviating poverty. This group is in essence socialistic in its support for a highly regulated economy where, significant increases in government spending towards social problems are favoured (Goldberg & Pulkingham, 1999). On the other hand, there is the ‘pro-market’ coalition. This group is populated by both government and private sector agencies and institutions which converge towards a primary objective of promoting business in Canada and increasing trade between Canada and other nations. The ‘pro-business’ group supports a much less regulated economy and may be classified as political and fiscal conservatives who favour much less spending by the government on social issues and decreased taxation (Ligaya, 2007). The difference among these groups regarding the notion of poverty and its measurement finds its source in the way poverty is defined and measured by each of these groups. The first group assumes income to be the defining quality and arrives at a set of poverty lines for both individuals and families for different regions. As an example, the poverty line was set to be $33,365 for a family of four persons living in Toronto in 2004. Thus, families with similar characteristics whose pre-tax income was less than the foresaid amount were said to be living in poverty (Pohl, 2002). The second coalition, the ‘pro business’ group, contradicts the first group by describing their measures to be too broad to be pragmatic and thus deducing that, the set poverty lines resulting from the measures are inflated; thereby exaggerating condition of poverty in Canada. This group adopts a definition of poverty which is more restrictive and their means of measuring poverty

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods Term Paper

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods - Term Paper Example Variations on these criteria do occur, often when it is not practical to meet them fully, and in these cases the research can be classified as quasi-experimental. The classic experiment is described. A control group and an experimental group are pretested, the experimental group is subjected to the independent variable, and the two groups are tested again, to see if there is now any difference in the two groups that can be attributed to the independent variable. In social work there are ethical and practical issues which may prevent a researcher from conducting a true classic experiment. Typical objections are listed and appropriate responses suggested. It is true that human beings should not be denied services because of a research project, or treated as objects to be experimented on, but on the other hand it is unethical to offer services without knowing what their effects are likely to be and who is most likely to benefit from them. By putting appropriate safeguards in place, and by using waiting lists for random assignment, it is possible to design research that is both ethical and experimental. Informed consent is, however, absolutely es sential, even if it has negative effects on the research in question. Research can interfere with the normal working of social services, but staff should be made aware of the aims and potential benefits of research and their views and suggestions should be sought early in the research process. The Solomon four-group research design is described, showing the advantage of using a pretest with two groups and no pretest with the other two. The intervention is then administered, to one group in each set, and all four groups are posttested. This method allows the researcher to see very accurately what effect has been caused by the intervention. Matching can improve the accuracy of quasi-experimental design, but it is not as good as true randomisation because it only matches

Ground Response and Seismic Slope Stability Coursework

Ground Response and Seismic Slope Stability - Coursework Example In this report, two parts are considered. In the first part, a ground response analysis for two sites is run while the second part proposes possible design accelerations on basis of the analysis in designing of an embankment structure that will support the proposed roadway. Both of the proposed sites are located in Jamaica. With regard to ground response analysis, edushake analysis program is made use and the results obtained are as displayed in the various tables displayed throughout this report. The input data used are as provided in the coursework materials while the thickness is obtained through calculation of the difference between the depths. A table from the web forms the basis of assumptions made with regard to respective soil’s unit weight. Each soil type has its respective stress (), pore pressure (u) as well as effective stress (’) associated with it (Bhandari and Sharma, 2001). Two equations, one for sand and the second one for clay are used in in calculatio n of maximum shear stress based on the literature from the book of Steven Kramer’s. ... Width of crest: 15m Height of embankment: 11m Traffic loading surcharge: 15kPa Design PHA (horizontal acceleration): 0.3500g from the ground response analysis 0.3500g from the ground response analysis 0 The embankment is designed using a 1.56 safety factor to facilitate long term and short term stability. With the help of STB2010, the embankment’s parameters were generated using the ordinary method of slices also referred to as Fellenius method for static and seismic stability analysis. The necessary soil characteristics are provided in the table below: Drained strength with strength parameters: c’=0kPa and Ã'„=25? Unit weight of water: ?w = 9.81kN/m2 Undrained strength: c’=85kPa Unit weight of placed material: ? = 20kN/m2 It should be noted that the water table is located at the toe of the embankment. All the assumptions and calculations for the design of the embankment are shown from the Figure 3.1 to the next page. The data as provided in the spreadsheet is as shown below: Basing the divisions on four slices, the ordinary method of slices for design of embankments for drained as well as undrained soil is used. The initial embankment was generated based on the six slices. Consequently, an angle (?) was established in the middle of each slice at the horizontal’s base after which sin (?) and cos (?) were obtained. The equation given below was used in evaluation of the length of each individual slice: The height was measured from the middle of each slice. Additionally, the height (hw) was measured from the middle base of each slice to the point of the water table after which the pore pressure at the base of the slice base was calculated based